Madhesi Self Hate

This is a curious phenomenon, Madhesi self hate is. It is as if the person in front of you is not Madhesi. As if his nose has gone flat, his skin has lightened up, his accent has gone different.

Madhesis who have had personal success and have ended up surrounded by Pahadis - I call it the under 5% rule - come under tremendous pressure to internalize the value system of the prejudiced Pahadis. And many succumb.

The Token Madhesi

This is when you are accepted in a group precisely because you do not talk up Madhesi rights. You allow people to say that because you are present, those others present can not possibly be prejudiced.

The Moon Madhesi

You go up the success ladder. To your community you are the embodiment of success. Only you know the hell you go through to maintain your space up there. You are fighting two fierce currents. One is from your community. How could you complain? You are supposed to be successful. Another is from the value system of the dominant group.

A lot of people resort to escapism. To their own community they become a mere reflection of the prejudice they themselves put up with. So they will tell you if more Madhesis are not successful, it is because they are lazy, or something to that effect. They pretend to be blind to structural prejudices although it is that which keeps them from fulfilling their potential also in their current environments.

The Delegate The Prejudice Madhesi

There are Madhesis who are sexist. They would like you to believe they are so because they have had to put up with prejudice themselves. So the anti Madhesi prejudice becomes an excuse for sexism, casteism, classism.

The More Prejudiced Than The Pahadi Madhesi

I have met plenty of defensive Pahadis. But nothing tops the Madhesis who do their best to outdo the prejudiced Pahadis. The transformation is so total, it is magical. They have worked so hard to deny their identities, it is like they finally smell success.

The Realistically Prejudiced Madhesi

Okay, so there has been a revolution. Maybe the Sadbhavana has been right along. There will be federalism perhaps. A few million Madhesis might even get citizenship papers. But what kind of timeframe are we talking about? Even if everything happens, and happens fast, it can be realistically assumed, in the mean time you are still having to live in the prejudiced environment. So might as well internalize it. Makes life easier. Or does it?

So what are the options? What are the recommendations?

The more successful among the Madhesis have to bear extra responsibility for the struggle for total equality. There is no excuse for the self hate. That self hate has to be diagnosed, identified, and articulated. People have to form support groups, and talk to each other.

If the best and the brightest will not face it, who will?

Verbal Martial Arts

There are only so many words, so many attitudes. Learn to hit back. Often it is some lone, sick individual. You send one retort back their way, and they are off the radar screen. It is one person versus another. You are one, that person is another. Verbally hit back. Rehearse your lines. You need less than a dozen. Maybe less than five.

Example: "Tapain ko yo pakhe mentality tapain ko bau tira bata ayeko ho ki ama tira bata ayeko ho?"

Money, Message, Mobilization

Put your money where your mouth is. Give to the cause. Identify the 5-10 agenda items all Madhesis can come around. Help others do the same. And organize. Mobilize. This is a global village. Does not matter where you are, you can still have major impact.

People, Politics, Policy

Ultimately it is about the masses. If you can not yourself be at the forefront of the necessary work, suppport those who are at it. Reach out. Call people up. Donate time, money and ideas. Help formulate policy proposals.

Frustration, Chemical Imbalance, Mental Imbalance
My Most Controversial Blog Post To Date: On Madhesi Issue
Aire Gaire Natthu Khaire Pahadis

On The Web

The Pattern Pages - Self-Hate / Self-Destructive Patterns
Index By Topic: Self Hate
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Self-hatred - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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AlterNet: WireTap: Tragedy At Red Lake: A History of Self-Hate ...
American Nazi Party - White Self-Hate Master-Stroke Of The Enemy
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Self Love/Self Hate - a photoset on Flickr
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Internalized Racism
INTERNALIZED RACISM
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Terms and Vocabulary | Evaluation Tools for Racial Equity Internalized racism is the situation that occurs in a racist system when a racial group oppressed by racism supports the supremacy and dominance of the dominating group by maintaining or participating in the set of attitudes, behaviors, social structures and ideologies that undergird the dominating group's power. It involves four essential and interconnected elements: (1) Decision-making - Due to racism, people of color do not have the ultimate decision-making power over the decisions that control our lives and resources. As a result, on a personal level, we may think white people know more about what needs to be done for us than we do. On an interpersonal level, we may not support each other's authority and power – especially if it is in opposition to the dominating racial group. Structurally, there is a system in place that rewards people of color who support white supremacy and power and coerces or punishes those who do not. (2) Resources - Resources, broadly defined (e.g. money, time, etc), are unequally in the hands and under the control of white people. Internalized racism is the system in place that makes it difficult for people of color to get access to resources for our own communities and to control the resources of our community. We learn to believe that serving and using resources for ourselves and our particular community is not serving “everybody.” (3) Standards - With internalized racism, the standards for what is appropriate or "normal" that people of color accept are white people's or Eurocentric standards. We have difficulty naming, communicating and living up to our deepest standards and values, and holding ourselves and each other accountable to them. (4) Naming the problem - There is a system in place that misnames the problem of racism as a problem of or caused by people of color and blames the disease - emotional, economic, political, etc. - on people of color. With internalized racism, people of color might, for example, believe we are more violent than white people and not consider state-sanctioned political violence or the hidden or privatized violence of white people and the systems they put in place and support.

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Blog: Parivartan Nepal
Govinda Neupane

• Madheshies: colonial subjects or masters of their own destiny? the Madheshi is the largest nationality in Nepal ..... Although, politically and administratively the entire Madhesh region was merged, but psychologically and socially, it remained distinct and different. The Khas rulers in Kathmandu treated the Madheshi people as second class citizens or colonial subjects, suspected on their loyalty to Nepal and suppressed them ........ Denying employment in the army overtly, and other government services covertly ...... Disempowering through restrictions in the use of their languages in education and official works and discouraging the practice of their customs (e.g. official dress code) ........ Capturing their land in the name of Birta, Jagir, Rajguthi/Devguthi, land reform, etc and distributing to feudal lords, priests, courtiers, government employees and Hindu Gods/Goddesses from the hills .......... Denying many people their citizenship right ...... The land confiscated by the government stating that that was beyond the ceiling had to be distributed among the landless Madheshi people themselves. But, such land was mostly distributed to 'landless' middle class government employees from the hills, particularly of Khas origin ........ The issue of citizenship is being fiercely debated for several decades. But the Khas rulers in Kathmandu have done nothing other than to suppress the legitimate demand. ....... As far as the solution of the citizenship issue is concerned, there are three types of opinions or approaches - denial, piecemeal and holistic........ solving this problem through a campaign by sending teams of government officials to visit residences, count heads, enlist all citizens who do not have citizenship certificate, investigate any complications then and there, and issue temporary certificate that could be converted into permanent one after attaching a photograph and signing by the authority at a later date convenient to that citizen .......... the citizenship campaign should be started immediately and should be completed before the election of the constituent assembly ........ They certainly could retaliate angrily if treated as colonial subjects as in the past. .......
  
• A Brief Note on NGOs and Civil Society Representation
• The Philippine Experience: a few lessons for the Nepalese Communists
• Nepal Reality Check: serene villages and tumultuous towns?
• Spring Thunder In Nepal: glorious but inconclusive They are already in the business of blame-game. They are blaming the Maoists for collecting donations or recruiting people in their army. They are blaming not only other parties within the ruling coalition but also the other factions of their own parties. ....... The people on the street were demanding the establishment of a progressive democratic republic of Nepal, whereas they got the restoration of the parliament. The people fought for a long time for fundamental socio-political and economic transformation, whereas they got nothing which could substantially changes power relationships at the grassroots and above. ...... the polarization between the parliamentary forces and the Maoists sounds imminent. Hence, in all probability, the people have to live in a situation of civil war till the unjust upper class Khas rule becomes history.
• Let's share our feelings, ideas, thoughts and experiences

In The News

Deuba throws jumbo spanner in unity works Himalayan Times “Party unity is not possible just because a notice is published in newspapers or a few leaders of the party are handpicked. Everyone in the party should have a dignified place.” He said the party cadres need not worry that the party would be merged after securing places for a few leaders in the Nepali Congress. He added, “The betrayal that I received from Girija Babu is still fresh in my mind. I will never leave party cadres for the sake of party unification.” ..... “Maoists should be aware that the people will agitate against them if they do not give up terrorising the people at gun point.” ...... his party is for a federal system of government ...... “It is shameful that Madhesis living in Nepal for years have not been able to receive citizenship certificate,” Deuba said, adding, “The problem of citizenship should be solved prior to a constituent assembly poll.”
Why NC-NC (D) unity not materialising merger is possible only if NC President Girija Prasad Koirala agrees to go for a republican order. .... The restless faction is the one led by Chirangivi Wagle, Bal Bahadur KC and Purna Bahadur Khadka. ..... Dr Minendra Rijal, a close associate of Deuba, has been demanding that the NC first agree to go for a republican order. ...... Koirala could be silent on the issue just because the coterie around him is not yet prepared, Deuba is being probably held up by his aides who feel they have no future in the unified party. ...... those saying that Koirala should first agree to go for a republic should first tell Deuba to speak in favour of the republic.
Biratnagar bazaar shut in protest
Maoists violating truce code, says Nepal Maoists have continued extortions, abductions and other atrocities. ..... the summit talks between the government and the rebels would take place as soon as the ongoing meeting of the Maoists’ central committee concludes ...... the King will have to accept a democratic republican set-up. “If the King fails to agree to be a civilian, he will be a prisoner,” Gautam said.
Govt will hold free, fair assembly polls, says Sitaula the country would see an interim government by October 17.
Statute draft full of confusion: Rana Rana urged the government to hold elections to a constituent assembly only after the issue of citizenship certificates of the Madhesi community is settled. ...... incidents of robbery, murder, extortion and terrorism are taking place in broad daylight even in the capital .....

CA election not possible without arms management: Sitaula NepalNews “Constituent assembly election can be held only when people become able to feel secure. Constituent assembly is not possible before the arms are fully managed”
OHCHR calls upon the Govt. and Maoists to clarify status of disappeared people
DPM Oli meets Chinese PM in Beijing
Irregularities in government offices: AG
Royalties also possess Guthi land
NMVA warns to intensify protests its 10-point demands...... Chairman of NMVA, Dharma Raj Neupane ...... Neupane also warned that the upcoming protest could be a violent one ...... The NMVA asked the government to form a dialogue team, which could facilitate their dialogue with the Maoist leadership.

Life For Manisha Koirala Exists Beyond Films Bollywood Premiere It has been long time now Manisha Koirala's films are not hitting the theatres. So what she is doing now? "I have just come back from Nepal where I celebrated my birthday (August 16). My whole family got together and we had a lot of fun. I also renewed my passport there, which had expired. Actually, I renewed myself too!" she laughs. Talking on the films she explains, "I was never overtly ambitious. Work is a part of life and at one point, it was a very important part of my life, but life changes. I'll be an actor till I die but I won't go nuts because I am not in the news. Life for me exists beyond films." She also clarifies that her well-known Australian boyfriend is an Indian and he's just a friend. From current times, she admires actors - Konkona Sen Sharma, Irrfan Khan, KayKay and Paresh Rawal.
Most Maoist-hit states favour unified command Gulf Times the worst affected states - Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh - in particular had been seeking such a unified command to contain the rapid expansion of Maoist influence. ..... A meeting of 13 states has been convened in New Delhi August 30 to hold extensive discussions. ...... areas cordoned off by rebels through landmines

India thwarts Nepal's arms import bid Daily News & Analysis, India the aircraft carried "aircraft equipment and anti-aircraft missiles" ..... the aircraft was loaded with rifles, ammunition and anti-aircraft guns. ...... The development comes as a surprise since Nepal Finance Minister Ram Sharan Mahat had ruled out buying any more weapons or honouring earlier deals struck by King Gyanendra's regime that inflicted whopping losses on the state treasury and profited middlemen with links to the palace. ...... Also, since both the Girija Prasad Koirala government and the Maoist guerrillas have called a ceasefire and there are talks to slash the strength of the army as well as keep arms and soldiers under UN supervision, the attempt to buy military supplies is doubly strange. ...... The aircraft incident occurred on the eve of a high level Maoist meeting to discuss their strategy. ...... They feel that the Koirala government will not keep its promise to hold an election to choose between monarchy and a republic and have decided to launch an "October Revolution"
Nepal's clandestine deals Hindustan Times According to the weekly, the arms cache is part of a deal struck between King Gyanendra's regime and the manufacturers at a time Nepal's biggest arms provider, India, followed by the US, suspended lethal military supplies to show their disapproval of the king's power grab. ....... While New Delhi has been magnanimous, the other countries with whom the royal government made deals - usually at enormous profits for brokers, people close to the palace - have been demanding their pound of flesh and succumbing to various pressures, the government is reported to be carrying on with the agreements.
India detain aircraft heading for Nepal Times of India
India thwarts Nepal's arms import bid(LEAD) DailyIndia.com
Nepal's King May Face Questioning Over Imposing Emergency Rule Bloomberg
Nepal's star demonstrator dies in crash Gulf Daily News died after being hit by a motorcycle. ..... Chhaya Devi Parajuli was an ordinary member of the Nepali Congress ...... came to Kathmandu from her east Nepal village in 2002 when King Gyanendra first sacked the elected prime minister. ...... was hit several times by tear gas shells and water cannon and arrested 35 times for her anti-monarch protests
Bank to finance hydropower sector to be launched in Nepal People's Daily Online, China with an authorized capital of 640 million Nepali rupees (9.1 million US dollars) ..... promoters will secure 51 percent share,while foreign and corporate will hold 19 percent and the public will have 30 percent share

Govt must decide on CA elections date as soon as possible: Nepal Kantipur Publications the SPA should bring the issue of interim constitution to a conclusive decision immediately. ...... lambasted the government for being unable to control the present state of “anarchy and instability” in the country. ........ “A political setup, which will be agreeable to the Maoists, can be built only after the promulgation of the draft interim constitution by the parliament.” ...... The Maoists have, however been insisting that a broad political conference, which will be an alternative legislature to the present parliament, should be formed and the present draft interim constitution should be endorsed by the conference.
Oli assures Chinese premier of Nepal’s stance on One-China policy
Parliamentary committee discusses Civil Service Acts
Maoist-displaced hestitate to return
Rs 4.09b ADB grant for roads
सहिदको संख्या २५
हतियार व्यवस्थापन लगायतमा खट्छौं’
क्षतिप्रति एमालेद्वारा दुःख
अराजक तत्त्वहरूबाट सतर्क रहन अपिल
रेडियो सिन्धुलीगढीलाई अनुमति सिन्धुली जिल्लाको पहिलो सामुदायिक रेडियो 'सिन्धुलीगढी' लाई सरकारले मंगलबार प्रसारण अनुमतिपत्र -लाइसेन्स) दिएको छ । मानव विकास तथा वातावरण संरक्षण केन्द्र -हुडेक) ले सञ्चालन गर्ने १ सय वाट क्षमताको उक्त एफएम रेडियोलेे १०३.६ मेघाहर्च पि|mक्वेन्सी पाएको छ ।
जिवित शिसुलाई मृत घोषणा
प्रहरी चौकी पुनःस्थापन
एक नागरिक नेतृ
शैक्षिक पुनर्संरचना र बदलिएको परिवेश
इलामका गाउँमा कर्डलेसबाट सञ्चार सेवा
माओवादीद्वारा खाद्यान्नमा कर

Dishanirdesh, Oil Politics, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

Hari Bansh Jha: Inclusion Of The Excluded Madhesis

Exclusion is a process in which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged and are discriminated on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion, sex, caste, descent, gender, age, disability and other such factors. It deprives such groups of choices and opportunities in social, economic and political spheres, which is a major cause of poverty, conflict and insecurity. In many countries, such a phenomenon is quite distinct in public institutions, legal system, education and health services.

At the global level, 891 million people are victims of discrimination on the basis of the ethnic, linguistic and religious identities. As in many other countries, in Nepal too, various groups of people have been excluded and marginalized socially, culturally, economically and politically due to the exclusionary policy of the state. Even after half-a-century of planning experiment, only a few ethnic and caste groups dominate the power structure as they have administrative and political connections, income, educational and cultural advantages and ability to capture public resources. As a legacy of exclusion, poverty incidence is high among several ethnic groups, including the Madheshis in Nepal.

In the Ninth Plan (1997-2002), the government came out with policies for the development of certain ethnic groups but it failed to recognize Madheshis as excluded group despite the fact that they are victims of discrimination in social, economic and political structure. The Madheshis who constitute nearly one-third of Nepal’s total population (31 percent) are in most disadvantageous position. The per capita income of the Nepalese is Rs. 17,040 or US $ 240; while the same is Rs. 13,200 for the Madheshi Dalits, Rs. 12,700 for the Madheshi Janajatis and Rs. 10,200 for the Madheshi Muslims.

Among the Madheshis, about 37 per cent of the Dalits and 32 per cent of the Janajatis do not won agricultural land. Among the Terai Dalit groups, 79 per cent of the Musahars are landless and the literacy rate among them is as low as 7 per cent. Similarly, female literacy rate in Madheshi Dalit and Muslim women is as low as 11 per cent. On the whole, 79 per cent of the Dalits, 54 per cent of the Janajatis and 42 per cent of the mid caste population in Terai are illiterate.

A study conducted by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) clearly exhibits worst condition of Madheshis in terms of poverty and deprivation in nine Terai districts, including in Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Parsa, Bardiya and Kailali. These nine districts in the Terai are among the 25 districts identified as worst districts at the national level by ICIMOD. This brings these Terai districts in the same category of remote mountain and hill districts like Achham, Kalikot, Dailekh, Mugu, Bajhang, Humla, Jumla, Jajarkot, Baitadi and Rolpa. Even the conditions of some of the remote districts like Nuwakot, Darchula, Pyuthan, Dolpa and Myagadi which are in the intermediate category; and Parbat, Lamjung, Sankhuwasabha and Mustang ranked in best category are in better position than the nine worst districts of the Terai.

Unfortunately, it is out of fashion rather than due to the seriousness of purpose that some of the highly resourceful organizations like the World Bank (WB) and Department for International Development (DFID) have raised the issue of inclusion of the excluded groups. Many of facts and figures presented in the DFID/WB report in regard to Madheshis are erroneous. For example, the Brahmins, Rajputs, Kayasthas, Baniyas, Marwaris and Bengalis are put in the Brahmin-Chhetri (BC) category. How can the caste groups like Baniyas be put in BC category? Similarly, there is no rational as such in putting the Marwaris and Bengalis in BC category? These two communities – the Marwaris and Bengalis – are composite groups which consists all the caste groups from Brahmins to Sudras and as such it is not fair to confuse them with BC category. Even a layman having some understanding of caste groups of Madheshis cannot make such a blunder.

Even from economic perspective, question arises about the way the per capita income of the Madheshi caste groups has been accounted. The per capita income of 1.9 per cent of the so called upper caste Madheshis such as Brahmins, Rajputs, Kayasthas, Baniyas and Marwaris is given as Rs. 23,900, which is higher than the national average per capita income of Rs. 17,040. There is no rational as such to put the so called upper caste Madheshi community such as Brahmins, Rajputs and Kayasthas in the same category as Baniyas and Marwaris as they belong to two distinct economic classes. While the Brahmins, Rajputs and Kayasthas are basically priests/farmers/service holders; the Baniyas, Marwaris and Jains are mostly the business communities.

Moreover, the higher income of the Baniyas, Marwaris and Jains is likely to inflate the income of the other groups such as Brahmins, Rajputs and Kayasthas if the per capita income of these two distinct groups is put together. The question is how can the income of Marwari/Jain groups such as Kedia, Golchha, Mittal and other be equated with Brahmins, Kayasthas and Rajputs who belong to entirely different economic class and whose sources of income also vary?

It is equally faulty on the part of the report to segregate the Madheshi Dalits and Janajatis with the other Madheshi community in the Terai. In the Madheshi community, certain caste groups like the Brahmins, Kayasthas, Sudi, Teli and Yadavs have been put; whereas the Madheshi Dalits and Janajatis have been put separately as if they belong to non-Madheshi group. What is the logic of excluding the Madheshi Dalits and Janajatis from the Madheshi community as a whole? The Madheshi Dalits and Janajatis are as good Madheshis as any other caste groups in the region.

Recently, under the Norwegian fund, the SNV Nepal has treated Madheshis as excluded groups and jumped into race by allotting funds for researches. It is likely that many of the INGOs, bilateral and multilateral donor agencies might follow the suit. But in practice these organizations themselves exclude the Madheshis in the recruitment and decision-making process. What percentage of their total staff is Madheshi?

The WB, DFID, SNV Nepal and host of other bilateral and multilateral institutions preach one thing and do quite different. It is not likely to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and attain peace in the post-conflict situation so long as the Madheshi ethnic groups along with other such disadvantaged groups are excluded from the social, economic and political mainstream and in decision making process.

In The News

Nepal's Umbilical Cord - By Nischal M. S. Basnyat NepalNews The Nepali economy in 2004/05 earned over USD 922 million in remittances from overseas workers, accounting for 12.4 percent of national GDP. However, as most remittance is channelled through informal conduits, Nepal's actual benefit from remittance will easily top USD 1.2 billion per year. The remittance economy of Nepal is more significant and imperative than foreign aid, domestic businesses and tourism. ...... this inflowing money from remittance is spreading throughout the nation ....... The 1.6 million Nepalis working oversees, 950,000 in India alone, is feeding the rest back home. ....... Ministers seem to be more interested in photo opportunities with foreigners and communists seem to be more concerned with ideology instead of pragmatically solving the problems of the poor ....... There are not enough young men across the country to maintain the agricultural economy of Nepal and this has left the women, the elderly and children to fend for themselves. ........ the burgeoning Manpower Agencies that pry on the naivety and weakness of Nepali workers. An agency must deal with the injustices put upon these poor migrant workers by the cunning Manpower Agencies, which are making a killing by ruining the lives of our poor citizens to make nominal profits, a form of human trafficking in itself. ....... more than 5 percent of migrant workers are women ...... bilateral agreements between Nepal and countries like Saudi Arabia, which depends on the work of 60,000 Nepalis for its own economy, should be instigated.. The economies of nations like Malaysia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, UAE, Dubai, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain are benefiting enormously from the low cost work provided by Nepalis. Unfortunately, these are the same countries with which we have almost no diplomatic relations, besides a strictly formality-based one. ....... to avoid becoming another El Salvador; a nation that depends solely on remittance to run the country ...... Nepal seems full of know-it-all "intellectuals" that look down on the uneducated and unprivileged. The unsung heroes of Nepal are not the King, the politicians, the Maoists or the civil "intellectuals"; they are the poor young men and women who have painfully sacrificed their homeland and endured grotesque work conditions to ensure that our nation is still standing. .......

शरच्चन्द्र शाह Himal Publications पेशागत शिप नभएकाहरूबाट राष्ट्र चलाउनका लागि राजनीतिक कार्यकर्ताहरूलाई प्रमुख पदहरूमा नियुक्ति गरिनाले व्यवस्थापन क्षत-विक्षत बन्न पुग्छ। ..... स्पष्ट रुपमा भन्न चाहान्छु कि म राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको सल्लाहकार थिइन। त्यसबेला म न त उनलाई विदेश नीति सम्बन्धमा सल्लाह दिने ठाँउमा थिएँ न त राज्य सञ्चान बारे नै सल्लाह दिन सक्थेँ। ....... म कहिल्यै कुनै जहाज खरिद प्रकरणमा संलग्न छैन ...... सूचना प्रविधिको विकासको निम्ति लगभग दुई वर्ष संलग्घन रहेँ र विभिन्न समस्याहरू झेलेर भएपनि यस क्षेत्रमा विस्तारै तर राम्रै प्रगति भइरहेको थियो। यद्यपि हाम्रो मुलुकमा सूचना प्रविधिको प्रचुर संभावना छ। यदि शिक्षाको प्राथमिक तहदेखि नै यसलाई लागु गरेर, सहि ढंगले योजना बनाएर उचित नीति तर्जुमा गरि, लालफित्ता शाहीलाई हटाएर अगाडि बढ्ने हो भने मुलुकमा प्रत्यक्ष वैदेशिक लगानीको राम्रो संभावना छ।
माओवादीको केन्द्रीय बैठक लम्बिने आगामी शिर्षवार्ता, अन्तरिम सरकार, हतियार–सेना व्यवास्थापन ..... माओवादी सेनाको क्याम्पमा जारी उक्त बैठकमा हतियार र सेना व्यवस्थापनको विषयमा डिभिजन, वि्रगेड र कम्पनिका कमाण्डर तथा कमिसारको समेत राय बुझिने भएको ......
बैठक ऐतिहासिक महत्वकोः प्रचण्ड “यो सामान्यस्थितिमा भइरहेको सामान्य बैठक होइन्”, बैठकलाई सम्वोधन गर्दै प्रचण्डले भनेको कुरा उद्धृत गर्दै १३ भदौंमा प्रकाशित माओवादी निकट जनादेश साप्ताहिकले लेखेको छ, “मुलुक लोकतान्त्रि गणतन्त्रको संघारमा भएका बेला शुरु भएको यो बैठक ऐतिहासिक महत्वको छ।” ..... “१२ बुँदे समझदारी र ८ बुँदे सहमतिमा प्रतिवद्ध भई जनतालाई आन्दोलित गरेर जनताकै बलमा मुलुकमा शान्ति, प्रगति र गणतन्त्र स्थापना गर्ने बहस बैठकमा चलिरहेको छ।”
राजदरवारका प्रमुखसचिवलाई अयोगको पत्र
गाउँ–गाउँमा नागरिकता नागरिक निगरानी जरुरी प्रमुख दलहरू गाउँगाउँमा नागरिकता टोली पुर्‍याउने सहमतिमा पुगेका छन्। उनीहरूले गाउँटोलसम्म सर्वदलीय समिति बनाएर नागरिकता उपलब्ध गराउनुपर्ने सुझाव संविधान मस्यौदा समितिलाई दिएकाले समस्याको दीर्घकालीन समाधान हुने अपेक्षा बढेको छ।..... नागरिकता समस्याको समाधान तत्काल गरेर मात्रै संविधानसभाको निर्वाचनमा जाने विषयमा नेपालका प्रमुख राजनीतिक दलभित्र आम सहमति नै छ। ...... नेपाल सद्भावना पार्टीले 'प्रतिनिधिसभा सार्वभौम भएको दिन ४ जेठ २०६३ अघिसम्म नेपालमा स्थायी बसोबास गरेका सबैलाई नेपाली नागरिकता प्रमाणपत्र दिनुपर्छ' भनेको छ। राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टीको प्रस्ताव चाहिँ धेरै फराकिलो छ। राप्रपा भन्छ– 'संविधानसभाको चुनाव हुनुअघि नै नागरिकताविहीन नेपालीले नागरिकता पाउने व्यवस्था अन्तरिम संविधानमा हुनुपर्छ।' ...... तराईका साँच्चिकै यहाँका भूमिपुत्र रहेका आदिवासी, जनजाति र दलितहरूसँग 'नेपाली हुँ' भनेर देखाउने कुनै ठोस प्रमाण छैन। ....... तराईको नागरिकता समस्या योविघ्न फैलनुमा तराई संस्कृतिप्रति काठमाडौँको पूर्वाग्रह र स्थायी आशङ्का प्रमुख जिम्मेवार छ। ....... सामान्य अवस्थामा पनि २० वर्षअघिका कागजात पाउन धौ–धौ पर्ने हाम्रो अभिलेख प्रणाली माओवादीले गाविस आगो लगाएर ध्वस्त पारेको अवस्थामा अहिले कस्तो होला सहजै अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ। ....... “उदाहरणका लागि सुनुवार, कामी, सार्कीहरूले बाबुको थरको साटो पौडेल, घिमिरे, रावल आदि थर राखेर नागरिकता पाउन निवेदन दिने गरेका छन्।” यति मात्रै होइन, महाकाली अञ्चलका केही जिल्लामा ठग, चोर, ढाँट, भूल आदि थर भएका व्यक्तिहरूले आफ्नो थर अशोभनीय भएको भनेर अर्को थर राखेर नागरिकता लिन खोजेकोले प्रमाणपत्र उपलब्ध गराउन समस्या भएको प्रतिवेदनमा उल्लेख छ। ....... “नेपाली लोग्नेमानिस भोटमा रहेका बखत भोटिनी स्वास्नीबाट पाएका छोरा नेपाली र छोरीहरू भोटको नागरिक ठहर्नेछन्।” २०१९ साल मङ्सिरसम्म नागरिकता प्रमाणपत्रको प्रचलन नै नभएको देखिन्छ। धनपति आयोगको प्रतिवेदनमा भनिएको छ– त्यसबेलासम्म नागरिकता प्रमाण–पत्र केवल लेटरप्याडमा लेखेर दिने गरिन्थ्यो, फोटो टाँस्ने प्रचलन पनि थिएन। ......... हृदयेश त्रिपाठी ..
२०४७ सालको संविधानको धारा–८ मा २०१९ सालकै संविधानको व्यवस्था राखियो, मुख्य बाधक नै त्यही हो। अहिले पनि अन्य विषयमा अग्रगमनको खोजी भइरहेको छ तर नागरिकताको सन्दर्भमा 'महेन्द्रवादी चिन्तन' नै हावी छ। ...... मातृका यादव .. अन्तरिम संविधानको घोषणापछि सर्वदलीय समिति बनाएर त्यो समितिको सिफारिसमा हरेक गाउँ–गाउँमा गएर नागरिकता वितरण गरिनुपर्छ। ..... महन्थ ठाकुर .. शाही शासनकालमा भुटानी शरणार्थीलाई नागरिकता दिने कुरा भयो, तर त्यसको विरोध कसैले गरेन। अनि जब तराई (मधेश) का नागरिकताविहीनहरूलाई नागरिकता दिने कुरा हुन्छ तब सिक्किमीकरण र फिजीकरण हुने भयो भनेर चर्का–चर्का र निरर्थक हल्लाहरू मच्चाइन्छ। ....... रामचन्द्र झा .. पछिल्लो केन्द्रीय कमिटिको बैठकमा २०४८ सालको मतदाता नामावलीलाई आधार वर्ष मानेर नागरिकता दिन सकिने समझदारी बनेको छ। .... २०४८ साललाई आधार वर्ष मानेर नागरिकता वितरण गर्दा मधेशका लगभग ९० प्रतिशत वञ्चितहरूले नागरिकता पाउनेछन्। र, यसलाई आधार वर्ष मान्ने कुरामा लगभग सबै राजनीतिक दलहरू सहमत हुने अवस्था छ।
'पसिना साटियो, नेपाली भइएन' पासवान भन्छन्, “समग्रमा आर्थिक विपन्नताका कारण दलित समुदाय नागरिकता पाउनबाट वञ्चित छ।” ..... कलैया नगरपालिका–५ का ३४ वर्षीय रवीन्द्रकुमार साहको चाहना थियो, विदेशमा गई उच्चशिक्षा हासिल गरेर ठूलो मान्छे बन्ने। तर, पूरा भएन। कारण थियो नागरिकता नहुनु।
नेपाली जाति र 'नेपालीय' नागरिकता सीके लाल ..... राजाको भूमिकाको निर्क्योल, सेनाको लोकतन्त्रीकरण, न्यायपालिकाको आधुनिकीकरण, नोकरशाहीको रुपान्तरण, माओवादी लडाकाहरूको व्यवस्थापन तथा विस्थापितहरूको पुनःस्थापन बेगर सम्पन्न गरिने संविधानसभाको निर्वाचन पूर्णतः निष्पक्ष हुन नसक्ने कुरा स्वतःसिद्ध छ। ........ भनिन्छ, वर्गीय युद्धका लडाकाहरू मार्नलाई तयार हुन्छन्, त्यसैले तिनीहरूसँग सतर्क रहनुपर्दछ। तर जातीय युद्धका लडाकाहरू मर्नलाई अगाडि सर्छन् र तिनका निशानाले सावधान हुने अवसर समेत पाउँदैनन्। ......... जर्मनी र जापानजस्तै पैतृक रगतको प्राथमिकता, फ्रान्समा जस्तो एउटै भाषाको प्रधानता र भुटानको जस्तो समान पोशाकको आवश्यकताले गर्दा नेपालको नागरिकताका प्रावधानहरू संसारमै सबभन्दा अनौठो छन्। ....... व्यवहारमा मुलुकको बाँकी भूभाग 'नेपाल' अर्थात् काठमाडौँको आन्तरिक उपनिवेश सरह रहँदै आएको भएता पनि सिद्धान्ततः त्यस्तो प्रस्ताव गर्ने आँट कसैले गरेको छैन। ....... महोत्तरीको लालपुर्जावाला भूमिपुत्र म्यानहाटनमा बसे पनि उसका शाखासन्तानले नेपालको नागरिकता पाउन सक्दछन्, तर पुस्तौँदेखि उही थलोमा बसोबास गरिरहेका भूमिहीन किसान वा मजदुरको नागरिकता राज्यको तजविजमा निर्भर छ। ....... सांस्कृतिक रूपमा अनेपाली रहेका नेपालीय जनता ....... नागरिक र आप्रवासी छुट्याउने सबभन्दा उपयुक्त निकाय सबभन्दा तल्लो तहको स्थानीय सरकार हो। त्यसैले गाविस वा नगरपालिकाले जारी गर्ने नागरिकताको प्रमाणपत्र सबभन्दा प्रामाणिक हुन्छ। ........ झण्डै आधा जनसङ्ख्याको परिचय र पहिचानलाई प्रश्नको घेराभित्र राखिराख्ने नस्लवादी नागरिकता नीतिले मुलुकको विकासलाई नै अवरुद्ध गरिराखेको कुरा अनौपचारिक कुराकानीमा प्रायशः सबै राजनीतिकर्मीहरूले स्वीकार गर्ने गर्दछन्। .......... कृत्रिम नेपाली जाति र काल्पनिक नेपालीपनबाट नेपालीय राष्ट्रियता तथा 'नेपालीयता'को सोच स्थापित गर्न सजिलो छैन।
किन भएन नागरिकता आन्दोलन? मधेशी समुदायको मूलप्रवाहीकरणका लागि नागरिकता अनिवार्य शर्त हो। ....... २०१९ सालको संविधानमा उल्लिखित 'नेपाली उत्पत्ति' को मान्यता भनेको पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले विस्तारवादी युद्धका माध्यमबाट कब्जा जमाएको मधेशका मधेशीसँग जहिले पनि पराजित समुदायका रूपमा व्यवहार गर्न खोज्ने नीतिलाई राजा महेन्द्रले दिएको निरन्तरता मात्रै हो। राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको कार्यकालसम्म पनि बडो इमान्दारीपूर्वक त्यसको पालना भइआएको छ। ......... पहाडबाट झरेका पहाडे र राजधानीबाट खटाइएका बिर्तावालहरूको बसोबास र हैकमले मधेशीहरूको मौलिक परिचय नै सङ्कटमा परेको छ। ......
योभन्दा लचकता के हुनसक्छ?
लोकप्रियताको सीमा मन्त्रीहरू दूरगामी प्रकृतिका नीतिगत निर्णयदेखि रिक्त स्थानहरूमा 'आफ्ना' र 'पार्टीका' मान्छेहरू नियुक्त गर्नेसम्मका काममा व्यस्त छन्। ... े तेलको बिक्री मूल्य तय गर्ने अधिकार तिनले न त निगमलाई दिएका छन्, न बजारलाई।

भूटान नै फर्कन चाहन्छन् शरणार्थी

लेवनानबाट बाँचेर फर्किँदा

कब्जा गरिएको जग्गामा 'क्रान्तिकारी' भूमिसुधार
नजिकिँदैछ काङ्ग्रेस एकता
मधेसलाई हेर्ने दृष्टिकोण
समग्र पक्षमा सहमति
'माओवादी सेना समस्या होइन'

Arms Management, Money Management

The Maoists As Parallel State

The Maoists have claimed their extortions are taxation by a parallel state. If that be true, that parallel state comes to and end as soon as the interim arrangement takes shape from the national to the local levels. They have said they need all that money to feed their army. That will no longer be true once the interim Prime Minister becomes Commander In Chief also of the Maoist army restricted to their barracks.

What happens to all that money that the Maoists have as a parallel state? Does that state swiftly become a party and keep all that money? Will those huge amounts of money not seriously distort the subsequent political process, the subsequent elections to a constituent assembly? Or if the Maoists might keep all that money, should the seven parties give themselves huge chunks of money from the state treasury to make up for it?

Parallel State To Political Party

The Maoists are on their way to becoming one of the eight political parties. A political party does not keep an army. A political party does not collect taxes.

I am of the strong view the country should end up with just one army before we even go for the constituent assembly elections. How can a parallel state legitimately compete against political parties in elections? The elections have to be a competition between parties.

Prachanda's Ideological Relapses

Prachanda must be under considerable pressure from the Indian Maoists and from his comrades globally to stick to dogmatic ultra left communist thinking. And he succumbs. He gives in to them periodically.

Prachanda: Frank Or Scary?

He has to have the guts to realize power through the barrel of a gun is over for good. Tata, bye bye. The new reality is that power flows through the ballot box. Within that new paradigm, Prachanda can hope to be president, he can hope to be Commander In Chief. Within that new paradigm, major land reforms are possible in ways that have never been possible through the gun. Within that new paradigm, major education and health programs can be designed for the destitute masses.

So instead of being lead by his global comrades who have little ground to show for, he should make an effort to lead them instead. He should announce power through the barrel of a gun is over in communist ideology. This is a new century. Now it is power through the ballot box.

Money And Political Parties

Power flows through the ballot box. To firmly establish that dictum in ways that is truly one person, one vote, you have to redesign democracy itself. And that is where Prachanda and Baburam have to be focusing.

Paying For Democracy
Who Will Tie The Bell Round The Cat's Neck
Proposed Constitution

Transparency In Party Finances

The interim constitution should have a provision that should say all political parties have to make their book keeping public. They should all tell the people how much money they have. That is step one.

State Funded Political Parties

Step two is to end up with state funded political parties. It surprises me that the Maoists have not taken the lead on this one. And it is because they happen to be the richest political party in Nepal for now. That is curious. A party with its origin in class conflicts is so beholden to the money it has amassed.

US Law, Nepali Law

US laws do not apply in Nepal. But then Nepali laws do not apply in the US either. Moriarty has so far paraded one Senator - one of the top US Senators - and four US House members through Nepal to make the point. It is not me, it is the US law. If the Maoists join the interim government while they still have an army, there can be no US aid to that government. Plain and simple. The seven parties still will have the option to ignore US law and forge ahead, in which case the seven parties will have to be confident that the Maoists have no ulterior motives. On the other hand, if you have reservations, you have reservations.

Arms Management: Break It Down Into Smaller Pieces

The problem is the seven parties have not given much thought to their idea of what a state army should look like. There are no competing suggestions.

It is entirely possible to integrate the two armies fully before holding the constituent assembly elections.

Money Matters And The Nepal Army

A lot of top honchos in the Nepal Army have been interrogated for the atrocities in April. But so far there is no talk of auditing the army's finances of the past few years. There has been a lot of mismanagement. Culprits have to be dug out. Money has to be confiscated on behalf of the people.

Gurung Not Katawal For Army Chief
Arms Management: Break It Down Into Smaller Pieces
Interim Monarchy, Interim Army, Interim Parliament
Interim Army: You Can Walk And Chew Gum At The Same Time
International Sanctions On Nepal Army Have To Continue
Abolish The Monarchy, Abolish The Army
Monarchy, Army, Federalism
Shobhakar Budhathoki: Transitioning The “Royal” Nepal Army
Army Under Parliament, Now
The Police, The Army Need To Stop Following Illegitimate Orders

Mugabe Chor, Desh Chhor
The King Should Abdicate

ICG: Nepal: From People Power to Peace?, Asia Report N°115, 10 May 2006 King Gyanendra’s capitulation on 24 April 2006 in the face of a mass movement marked a victory for democracy in Nepal and, with a ceasefire between the new government and the Maoists now in place, the start of a serious peace process....... the parties’ five-month-old agreement with the Maoists...... The international community lost credibility by attempting to pressure the parties into an unworkable compromise with the king and must now work hard to support a difficult transition and peace process while avoiding similar mistakes. ...... – even in the face of the massed ranks of loyal security forces – left the king with no option but surrender. ...... People remained suspicious of the parties, both on the basis of their mixed record in government and their perceived willingness to do a deal with the king against the country’s best interests........ Maoist support, much as mainstream democrats are loath to admit it, was crucial to the movement’s success. But people did not rally under the Maoist flag, even in rural areas where the insurgents had directly urged their participation. While most endorsed elements of the Maoist agenda they did not heed calls for a revolutionary insurrection and sent a strong signal that people power is a constraint on the actions of the rebels as well as the palace and parties......... Nepal is particularly exposed to external influence. Sandwiched between regional superpowers and long dependent on foreign aid, its leaders and people have often looked to outsiders at times of crisis. This time India, the U.S. and some European powers did help to create the environment for a democracy movement but were brushed off when they appeared to press for an unpopular solution to end the crisis. ........ the people at large .... did so in the face of a coordinated international campaign to halt the protests ......... the parties’ November 2005 twelve-point agreement with the Maoists, without which the movement would never have been possible. ........ considering funding a thorough professional auditing of government, palace and military expenditure by reputable international accountants. ........ pressure to be maintained for full and transparent investigation of human rights abuses, including unresolved cases of forced disappearance, and for adequate sentencing of those convicted

In The News

Probe panel summons King’s principal secretary, King’s interrogation 'likely' NepalNews summon order to King Gyanendra’s principal secretary, Pashupati Bhakta Maharjan ...... Maharjan, who was conferred with the honorary title ‘Mir Subba’ by the palace last year, worked as a pointman in political meetings of the King Gyanendra, mainly after his October 4, 2002, move when he sacked then Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba. ........ the BBC said Maharan was being summoned by the commission to discuss the procedures for questioning the King over the brutal clampdown on the democratic movement ....... “A panel member said many of those questioned had pointed fingers at King Gyanendra who headed the government as chairman of the council of ministers” ........ this will be the first questioning of a monarch in Nepalese history by any probe body. China hopes for early political reconciliation in Nepal: Chinese FM The Chinese FM also appreciated Nepal’s firm support on issues concerning Tibet, Taiwan and human rights. UN to fully support Nepal peace process: Martin Ian Martin has said that he is very optimistic for lasting peace in Nepal. ...... move from the basic understanding that now exists to the design and establishment of actual assistance by UN to the peace process ...... a peace process which was demanded and is led by the Nepali people ..... Martin did not say whether the UN will give recognition to the temporary camps established by the Maoists. "Let my military advisor join me first"
Govt. to send 850 soldiers to Lebanon
Signing of peace accord a must for lasting peace: Dr Gunthar
Japanese parliamentarians to visit Nepal
Surrendering arms is not a solution: DPM Sherchan holding high level talks between the government and the Maoists within a week...... unresolved six issues include status of monarchy, interim legislature and procedures for constituent assembly elections ....... Sherchan, who also holds the health portfolio, also said that the Ministry will amend all discriminatory laws in the health sector. SC asks government to form powerful committee to investigate the whereabouts of three detainees Rajendra Prasad Dhakal, Bipin Bhandari and Dil Bahadur Rai. ..... the first time the apex court has ordered to form such a probe committee to seek the whereabouts of disappeared people ...... Dhakal, the then President of Gorkha NBA Unit, has gone missing for the last nine years, while whereabouts of Maoist student leaders Bhandari and Rai is unknown since they were arrested from Chabahil, Kathmandu, in 2001.

Govt to form taskforce to expedite peace talks

Rescue teams mobilized in flood-hit Accham district
German government supports Nepal peace process

Teej being celebrated today
Ahkil teachers program

Politicians in Nepal blame India for floods Hindustan Times, India
Nepal king to be questioned over protest crackdown Reuters AlertNet, UK an unprecedented move in a nation which once revered its monarch ....... troops shot and beat protesters who brought Nepal to a standstill for three weeks ...... Many officials questioned so far had blamed the government of the day for the crackdown, said Harihar Birahi, a member of the panel ....... "If Saddam Hussein has been given a chance to clear his position, why should our king not get an opportunity," Birahi asked, referring to the deposed Iraqi leader. ........ "This is not an insult to him. It is an opportunity," Birahi said. ...... He said no decision had been taken on whether members of the panel would go to the palace or send written questions to the king asking him to explain his role. ....... "I think the king should be questioned and punished if found guilty," said Mani Lama, a 23-year-old taxi driver. "There is nothing wrong in this."
Western Nepal reels under floods Hindu, India
China to extend Tibetan railway to Nepal border Hindustan Times, India
At least 22 die in Nepal mudslides CNN International
Nepal's Umbilical Cord Nepalnews.com, Nepal
UN to work for reconciliation between Nepal's government, Maoists Raw Story, MA

UN’s role limited to helping peace process: Martin Kantipur Publications
Royals use Guthi Sansthan land in capital, report says
Qinghai-Tibet Railway may extend to Nepal, says report
Commission summons king’s principal secretary
Maoist central committee meeting discusses draft interim statute, summit talks
ँराष्ट्रसंघ कार्यदललाई निशस्त्रीकरण अधिकार हुनुपर्छ’
सांसदहरूद्वारा आलोचना
सांसदको नयाँ लोगो
दलित समस्याबारे ध्यानाकर्षण
राजाको लगानीका थप उद्योगको खोज्
सुरक्षा संयन्त्र
शान्ति प्रक्रियाबारे गहन प्रश्न
७२ मिनेटमा हेटौंडा-काठमाडौं राजधानीलाई तराईसँग जोड्ने वैकल्पिक मार्गको खोजी जारी छ । तिनमा कान्ति राजपथ, रेल मार्ग, हेटौंडा-फाखेल-फर्पिङ सडक, वाग्मती करिडर र हेटौंडा-काठमाडौं 'फास्ट ट्रयाक' छन् । हेटौंडा-काठमाडौं सुरुङ एउटा त्यस्तै विशिष्ट मार्ग हो । ....... पछिल्लो अध्ययनअनुसार थानकोटदेखि चित्लाङ्ग फँेदीसम्म ३.४ किलोमिटरको सुरुङ बन्नेछ । मार्खु पुग्नुअगाडि ०.६ किमि र देउराली चिसापानीगढीको ३.२ । तीनवटा सुरुङको लम्बाई ७.२ किमि मात्र हुनेछ । ........ तीन सुरुङ र सडक ५२ किमि गरी कुल लम्बाइ ५९.२ किमि हुने उनले बताएका थिए । यो मार्ग बनेपछि हेटौंडा-काठमाडौं यात्रा ७२ मिनेटमा पूरा हुनेछ । निर्माण लागत ९ अर्ब ३५ करोड लाग्ने अनुमान थियो । प्रतिटि्रप ६ सय रुपैयाँले सडक शुल्क उठाउँदा वाषिर्क ५४ करोड उठ्नेछ । १७ वर्षमा लागत उठ्ने भएकाले ३५ वर्ष निम्ति सम्झौता हुनुपर्ने भनिएको थियो । ......... राजधानीमा बढ्दो जनसंख्याको चाप नजिकै पर्ने गाविसमा स्थानान्तरित हुन्छ । पानी सोस्ने र प्रदूषण गर्ने उद्योग उपत्यका बाहिर पठाउन सकिन्छ । यस मार्ग वरिपरि पर्ने मकवानपुरका नौवटा गाविस काठमाडौंको बगैंचाको रूपमा विकास गर्न सकिन्छ । ...... काठमाडौंबाट हेटौंडा पुग्न २ सय २९ किमिको बदला जम्मा ५९ र वीरगञ्ज २ सय ८४ साटो १ सय १४ किमिको यात्रा कस्तो सहज होला ? ........ काठमाडौंबाट हेटौंडा-वीरगन्ज डेढ घन्टाको दूरी, नारायणगढ वा चन्द्रनिगाहपुर साढे दुई र राजविराज वा भैरहवा साढे चार घन्टाको दूरीमा रूपान्तरित हुनेछ । ....... झन्डै ८ अर्ब रुपैयाँ सवारी साधनबाट मात्र बचत हुन्छ । ........ यो फास्ट ट्रयाकमा ट्रली, रेल सञ्चालन गर्न सक्नेछौं । ....... नेपालले चीन र भारतको ट्रान्जिट बन्न इच्छा व्यक्त गरेपछि पुनः हेटौंडा - काठमाडौं दु्रतमार्गको चर्चा चलेको छ । .... ०६० मा सरकारले 'बीओटी' अवधारणाबाट निर्माण गर्ने प्राथमिकतामा राखेकेा थियो । ..... नेपाल रसिया उद्योग वाणिज्य संघ तथा मस्कोस्थित स्टेट टेक्निकल युनिभर्सिटी, मादी युनिभर्सिटी लगायतमा छलफल भएको थियो । त्यहाँ रहेका गैर आवासीय नेपालीलगायतले संयुक्त लगानी गर्न सकिने बताए । त्यसका लागि आवश्यक ऐन नियम स्पष्ट हुनु पर्ने धारणा उनीहरूबाट आएको थियो । ......
अमेरिकाद्वारा साढे २ अर्ब सहयोग