From The Past Issues Of Janadesh, Maoist Mouthpiece

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;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbn] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ aGb'sn] bjfpg g;Sg] b]v]/ /fhg}lts ?kn] ;d]t unfpg] / cNdNofpg] sfddf ;d]t nfluk/]sf 5g\ . kf6L{leqs} JolQmx?nfO{ kye|i6 ug{], ljrf/, g]t[Tj / ;+u7gdf cGtWj+{; dRrfpb} sdhf]/ kf/]/ ;}Gojnåf/f Wj+; ug{] ;fd|fHojfbL /0fgLltnfO{ nfu" ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s ;+3if{ ;+rfng;lxt cfTdut kIfsf] ljsf; / ;'4Ls/0f w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 . ;fd|fHojfbn] cGtWj+; ug{ xl/of] 3f; b]vfP/ nf]Eofpg' p;sf] k/d st{Jo xf] t/ qmflGtsf/Lx?n] olta]nf /0fg}lts b[9tf / sfo{g}lts nrstfsf] ;xL k|of]u ug{ l;kfn' x'g h?/L 5 . /0fg}lts b[9tfsf] cy{ / nIok|ltsf] b[9tf xf] . o;sf] cefjdf yfxf g} gkfO{ ;fd|fHojfbL lj:tf/jfbL bnbndf km:g] vt/f /xG5 . sfo{g}lts nrstfsf] cy{ nIo k|flKtk|lt uDeL/ :6]kx? rfNg' xf] . /0fgLltdf jfwf gk'Ug]u/L tTsfnLg ?kdf k|fKt x'g] cj;/x?sf] k|of]u ug{}kg{] x'G5 . /0fg}lts b[9tfsf] cy{ g]kfnnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{df k|of]u ug{sf nflu k}bf x'g] ;fd|fHojfbL lj:tf/jfbL cGt/lj/f]wsf] kl/rfng ug{] s'/fsf] j]jf:tf ug{' x'g} ;Sb}g . /0fg}lts b[9tf / sfo{g}lts nrstfsf] åGbfTds ;DaGw ;xL cy{df k|of]u ug{] k|Zg g} clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . :d/0fof]Uo s'/f s] 5 eg] nrstfsf gfddf cfkm\gf] d"n /0fgLlt 5f]8]/ csf{] k'Ug] blIf0fkGyL k|j[lQ / b[9tfsf gfddf cfGbf]ngnfO{ v'DRofpg] ;ls{0ftfjfbL k|j[lQ b'j}sf lj?4 xfd|f] kf6L{ / g]t[Tjn] hgo'4 yfngLb]lv qmflGtsf/L ljlwsf] k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . tdfd ljrngx?, bfof / jfofsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . qmflGtsf/L nIo k"/f ug{ sfo{g}lts ?kdf ;fd'Gg]df cfpg] b'Zdg pk/ k|xf/ s]Gb|Lt ug{] / cGonfO{ Go"6«n agfpg] k|oTgnfO{ Psflt/ 9lNsPsf] b]Vg' cfkm\gf] b[li6bf]if dfq xf] . 3f]lift / c3f]lift tfnd]n ub{} hgo'4sf] kIfdf /fhg}lts kl/rfng ug{' o'4sf] cfwf/e"t sfo{gLlt xf] . dgf]ut?kdf s'g JolQmn] s] a'‰5 <>

cWoIf s= k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/n] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;xL klxrfg / kl/rfng ub{} kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fdf b]lvg] bfof / jfof cltx?af6 arfp“b} ;du| of]hgfsf ;fy lbzf lgb{]z ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

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olt x'“bf x'“b} klg xfd|f] kf6L{n] olta]nf 1fg]Gb| zfxL lj?4 /fhg}lts bnx?;“u h'g 5nkmn / ax; ul//x]sf] 5 of] l;nu'9L a}7saf6 z'? ul/Psf] k|s[of xf] . qmflGtsf/L bfloTj hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L afx]s s]xL xf]Og . csf{] cy{df u[xo'4sf] cGtsf nflu ul/Psf] uDeL/tf sbd xf] . To;}u/L ef/tLo hgtf / Toxf“sf /fhg}lts bnx?;“usf 5nkmnx? klg g]kfnL hgtfsf] d'lQm / :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf pleP/ ;Tosf] kIfdf lng ul/Psf] cfu|x dfq xf] . of] k|s[of s]jn ef/tLo hgtf / kf6L{x?sf aLrdf geP/ ljZjel/sf hgtf ;fd" g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;+3if{sf] kIfdf uf]naGb ug{} p2]Zosf ;fy eO/x]sf] 5 . hxf“;Dd nf]stGqsf] k|Zg 5, of] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] sfo{g}lts gf/f xf] . ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfsf] ;femf gf/fsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g] gLlt kf6L{sf] ut kf]ln6Jo"/f]sf] j}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . jf:tljs ?kdf hgtfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] /fli6«otfsf] /Iff ug{ g;Sg] ljb]zLx?sf] rfxgfdf rSs/ sf6\g] nf]stGq geP/ g]kfnL ;Gbe{ / ljz]iftfsf] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tds ljlw ;lxtsf] k"0f{ k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf nflu /fhg}lts kf6L{x?;“u 5nkmn ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;sf] klxnf] cfwf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytfdf x'g] ;+ljwfg ;ef xf] . ;f]åf/f lgb{]lzt eP/ sfo{g}lts ?kdf nf]stflGqs gf/fdf xfd|f] kf6L{ cufl8 a9\g] 5 . ljleGg b]zsf ;/sf/ / kf6L{x?;“usf] 5nkmnsf] cy{ ljutsf lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf] k'g/fj[lQ ug{' geP/ ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jtGq kxnsbdLsf] ;dy{gsf nflu eGbf aflx/ a'‰g hgtfk|lt wf]sf l;jfo c? s]xL x'“b}g . /fhtGqsf] cGtljgf hgtfsf] :jtGq kxnsbdL k|fKt x'g] 5}g . t;y{ jt{dfg /fhtGqsf] cGtsf] nflu ljZj hgdt ;[li6 ug{' g} xfd|f] nIf xf] .

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;'k|l;4 j}1flgs cfNj6{ cfOG;6fOgn] eg] em}+– …s'g} ;d:ofnfO{ slxNo} klg ;f] -;d:of_ l;h{gf ug]{ r]tgfsf] :t/af6 dfq} xn ug{ ;lsGg .Ú j:t'ut hut / dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] lgod o:tf] xG5 ls cS;/ j:t'ut hutsf] ljsf; tLj| ultdf / dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf; ;fk]If ?kn] dGb ultdf x'G5 . To;}n] ;dfh jf kf6L{df s'g} ;d:of k}bf x'"bf To;nfO{ xn ug{ ;dfh jf kf6L{sf] r]tgfdf j[l4 x'g'kb{5 / olb k'/fg} r]tgfdf /x]/ ;d:of xn ug]{ k|oTg ul/of] eg] h;sf] OR5f–cfsf+Iff / lgot hlt;'s} kljq eP klg Tof] j:t'ut ?kdf ;Dej} x'"b}g . ljutdf gf+uf] ?kdf cj;/jfbaf6 u|l;t / jb\lgot ePsf dflg;x?sf] lsQfnfO{ Psl5g 5f]8]/ ;fk]If ?kn] qmflGtsf/L / OdfGbf/x?sf] lsQfnfO{ dfq x]g]{ xf] eg] pgLx?aLrdf cS;/ c:j:y cGt/;+3if{ / 6'6km'6 x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f gof" ;d:ofnfO{ k'/fg} r]tgfaf6 xn ug]{ k|oTg ug{' / Tof] :jfefljs ?kn] c;kmn / c;Dej aGg' g} xf] . xfd|f] kf6L{n] clxn] xfl;n u/]sf] Pstfsf] lglDt d'Vo …hfb"Ú eg]s} bz jif{sf] eLif0f hgo'4 / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] qmddf pTkGg ePsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;du| kf6L{sf] r]tgf jf ljrf/df ljsf; u/]/ / ;f]xL cg';f/ /fhgLlts, kmf}hL, ;+u7gfTds / ;f+:s[lts sfo{lbzfnfO{ ljsf; / kl/dflh{t u/]/ xn ug]{ k|oTg ug{' g} xf] . olb ;d:ofnfO{ ljrf/sf] :t/df p7fP/ gx]l/sg k'/fg} 9+un] JolQm, u'6, Onfsf cflbnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ xn ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP Tof] lsdfy{ ;Dej x'"b}gYof] / To;sf] clgjfo{ kl/0ffd yk slr+un, u'6jGbL, lxnf] 5\ofkf5\ofk / km'6 g} x'GYof] . s= cWoIf4f/f k|:t't / s]=;=åf/f kfl/t ;+lIfKt t/ ;f/ule{t\ k|:tfjnfO{ ;'Id ljZn]if0f u/]/ x]¥of] eg] ljrf/sf] ljsf;åf/f kf6L{leq / cfGbf]ngsf HjnGt ;d:ofx?nfO{ xn ug]{ lgtfGt gof" tyf ;kmn k|of]u zfgbf/ ?kdf ePsf] :ki6} b]Vg ;lsG5 . Toqf] eLif0f cGt/;+3if{kl5 ;DkGg j}7sdf k|:t't k|:tfjdf g t s;}k|lt JolQmut ?kdf k|xf/ / 5]8\vfgL 5, g s'g} xf/lht, ;Demf}tf / n]gb]gsf] s'/f 5, t/ Toxf" lgd{d ;fd"lxs cfnf]rgf / cfTdfnf]rgf 5, h;df k|To]s OdfGbf/ qmflGtsf/Ln] cfÎgf] gfp" ;Dem]/ …dÚ …dÚ eG5 . o;/L ljrf/sf] andf ;j} …s'v'/fÚ x?nfO{ …rLnÚ sf] p"rfOdf p7fP/ ;fd'lxs 9+un] ?kfGtl/t x'g] / gof" cfwf/df gof" Pstf xfl;n ug]{ lgtfGt gof" ljlwsf] k|of]u j}7sdf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] dd{ / p"rfO"nfO{ jf]w ug{ g;Sg] / k'/fg} r]tgf, ;+:sf/ / z}nLdf 6f"l;O/xg] hf]s;}n] kf6L{leqsf] gof" PstfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sg' / k'gM …s'v'/fÚ jg]/ /5\ofgdf vf];|g cu|;/ x'g' :jfefljs aG5 .

ljrf/sf] ljsf;åf/f cGt/;+3if{nfO{ xn ug]{ qmddf 7Ls;+u a'√g'kg]{ csf]{ s'/f Pstf, ;+3if{ / ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ /fd|/L j'√g' / cfTd;ft ug{' xf] . ;+;f/, ;dfh / dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;fj{ef}d lgod eg]sf] ljkl/tx?sf] PsTjsf] lgod xf], h; cg';f/ Pstf ;fk]If / c:yfoL x'G5 eg] ;+3if{ lg/k]If / :yfoL x'G5 / vf; cj:yfdf ljkl/t kIfx? Ps csf{df ?kfGt/0f x'G5g\ . To; lx;fjn] xfd|f] kf6L{leq clxn] xfl;n ePsf] Pstf eg]sf] lxhf] xfdL Ps cfk;df 6Ss/fPkl5 ljz]if kl/l:yltdf k'u]/ ?kfGt/0f ePsf] cj:yf xf] . ?kfGt/0fsf] cy{ xf] xfdLdWo] sf]xL klg lxhf]sf] cj:yfdf 5}gf}+ / ;j} gof" ePsf 5f}+ . ?kfGt/0fsf] csf]{ cy{ dfcf]n] eg]em}+ Psn] csf]{nfO{ lgNg' klg xf] . t/ xfdL ;j} cfcfÎg} 7fp"df 5f}+ eg] s;n] s;nfO{ lgNof] t <>

hxf";Dd lxhf] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf jflx/ nluPsf] dtleGgtf / cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]ksf] s'/f 5, tLdWo] sltko kmut …cfz+sfÚ dfq /x]sf] :jLsfb}{ tLaf/] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;j}jf6 lnlvt / df}lvs cfTdfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] cGo sltko j}rfl/s ljifodf /x]sf …hf]8 / sf]0fÚ sf km/sx? (different shades of opinion) af/] rflx+ cfufdL dxflwj];gsf] qmddf ;+rfng x'g] dxfg\ ax;sf] k|lqmofåf/f xn ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . To;}n] Pp6f hLjGt kf6L{leq lg/Gt/ rln/xg] cGt/;+3if{nfO{ g} lgif]w / lg?T;flxt ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] ls eg]/ sf]xL klg cfz+lst x'g'kg]{ l:ylt 5}g . j? of] cGt/;+3if{sf] cg'ej kZrft\ kf6L{leq …5nkmn / cfnf]rgfsf] :jtGqtf / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktfÚ sf] n]lggjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ug]{ / kf6L{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ultzLn / qmflGtsf/L agfO/fVg] eGg] ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ 1fg k|fKt ePsf] 5 / cfufdL lbgx?df To;df yk ljsf; ub}{ hfg] bfloTj ;j}sf] sf"wdf cfPsf] 5 .

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gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] k|Zg

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bf];|f] r/0fdf cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] km'6sf] k|efj ;fy;fy} d"ntM blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbL /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf / ;fdGtL tyf Go"g–k""hLjfbL ;+sL0f{tfs} sf/0fn] kf6L{ ljleGg u'6, pku'6x?df ljeflht x'gk'Uof] . tLdWo] ;aeGbf k|efjzfnL /xsf rf}yf] dxflwj]zg ;d"x, df=n]= / k'iknfn ;d"x tLgj6}n] cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ljjfbdf rLlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / dfcf]sf] kIf lnP klg cfkm\g} cfGtl/s j}rfl/s /fhg}lts sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn] dfcf]n] sf]ldG6g{ / :6flngsf sdhf]/Lx? ;RofP/ ljsl;t u/]sf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f;DaGwL gof“ cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]gg\ . To;sf] pN6f] df=n]= ;d"x / k'iknfn ;d"x qmdzM v|'Zrf]eL cfw'lgs ;+zf]wgjfbsf] lsQfdf ktg x'"b} uP eg] @)#* ;fndf ærLgdf k|ltqmflGtÆ sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ / kl5 …l/dÚ sf] ;b:o aGg] PsLs[t …dzfnÚ -rf}=d=;d"xsf] kl/jlt{t gfp“_ kIfn] @)$! df ;DkGg cfkm\gf] kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zgdf dfcf]n] u/]sf] :6flngsf] j:t';+ut d"Nof+sgsf] lj/f]w ub}{ gf+uf] ?kdf xf]ShfjfbL h8;"qLo–;+zf]wgjfbL nfOg / kf6L{;DaGwL PsdgfjfbL cjwf/0ffsf] kIfkf]if0f ug{ k'Uof] . -x]gf]{;\, g]=s=kf=-dzfn_ sf] kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zgåf/f kfl/t, cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng;DaGwL k|:tfj_ Tof] l:yltdf s= k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf o'jf qmflGtsf/Lx?n] v|'Zrf]eL blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf] ;fy;fy} xf]ShfkGyL h8;"qLo–;+zf]wgjfb;“u lg0ff{os ;DaGw ljR5]b u/]/ dfcf]n] ljsl;t u/]sf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f;DaGwL åGåjfbL cjwf/0ffsf cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L w|'jLs/0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fP .

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;fdfGotof jt{dfg ljZj kl/j]z / d'Votof g]kfnsf] ljlzi7 l:yltdf kmf}hL /0fgLltsf b'O{ d'Vo ?kx?–bL3{sflng hgo'4 / ;z:q ljb|f]xnfO{ cfk;df ;dfof]hg u/]/ n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To; lglDt o'4sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ kf6L{n] kmf}hL / u}/kmf}hL /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf ;a} kIfx?df cfkm"nfO{ kf]Vt agfpg' h?/L x'G5 . To;/L g} e"ldut / v'Nnf sfd, ufp“n] / zxl/of Onfsfsf sfd k|rf/–o'4 / xltof/aGb o'4sf] sfd lglDt kf6L{n] cfkm"nfO{ xd]zf lgk"0f{ agfpg' kb{5 .

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-u_ kf6L{leq b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{sf] lg/Gt/tf M kf6L{;DaGwL dfn]dfjfbL cjwf/0ffsf] d"n kIf kf6L{nfO{ Psdgf jf ;d?k j:t'sf] ;§f ljkl/tx¿sf] PsTj / cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] k"~hsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{ xf] . To;}n] ljutsf] sf]ldG6g{sf] kfnfsf sltko sdhf]/Lx¿af6 l;s]/ casf] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{n] juL{o ;dfh /lx/x];Dd kf6L{leq To;sf] k|ltljDag eO/xg], kf6L{leqaf6 gof“ju{x¿sf] pbo e}/xg], kf6L{df ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] r]tgfdf c;dfgtf /lx/xg] / kmn:j?k kf6L{leq xd]zf blIf0f, dWo / pu| k|j[lQ /lx/xg] x'gfn] ltgsf lj?4 lgd{d ;+3if{ rnfO/xg' kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ /fd|/L cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} ;j{xf/fjfbL kf6L{sf] clGtd nIo ;dfhaf6 ju{x¿sf] cGTo ug]{ / cGttM cfkm\gf] ljnf]kLs/0f ug]{ ePsfn] kf6L{leq ljleGg k|j[lQx¿sfaLrdf :j:y b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ rnfpg] / Pstf–;+3if{–?kfGt/0fsf] ljlwåf/f gof“ cfwf/df gof“ Pstf xfl;n ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|oTg ug'{k5{ . åGåjfbL ljsf;sf] lgod cg';f/ Psrf]6L Pstf xfl;n e};s]kl5 t'?Gt} Toxf“ gof“ 9+un] ;+3if{ z'? x'G5 / Tof] Pstf / ;+3if{sf] >[+vnf cgGt;Dd rln/xG5 . To;}n] dfcf]n] eGg' ePsf] xf] M– æolb kf6L{leq cGt/lj/f]wx¿ ePgg\ eg] / ltgsf] xn ug{ j}rfl/s ;+3if{ rnfOPg eg] kf6L{ hLjgsf] cGTo x'G5 .Æ -æcGt/lj/f]waf/]Æ, 5flgPsf /rgf, efu –!, k]=#!&_ o;/L lg/Gt/ rNg] b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ g} kf6L{sf] hLjg ePsfn] ;fDojfb;Dd k'Ug] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{sf] lgdf{0fdf b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngsf] lg0ff{os dxTj x'G5 .

dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsfndf kf6L{leqsf] ;+zf]wgjfb;“u lgd{d ;+3if{ ub}{ gof“ 9+usf] qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ ljsf; ug{sf] lglDt ;a}eGbf hf]8 lbPsf] k|Zg b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{sf] k|Zg xf] . tLg …u/Ú / …gu/Ú -cyf{t\, ædfS;{jfb nfu" u/, ;+zf]wgjfb xf]Og, Pstfj4 xf]pm, gkm"6, v'nf / :ki6 xf]pm, if8oGq / 5n5fd gu/Æ_ sf] ?kdf ;"qa4 ul/Psf] Tof] ljlwn] ljrf/ / /fhgLltnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ / kf6L{nfO{ Pstfa4 /fVg] nIosf ;fy v'Nnf / :ki6 9+un] ;+3if{ rnfpg] lbzflgb]{z u5{ . lxhf]sf blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfb tyf h8;"qLo–;+zf]wgjfb / u'6 tyf km'6sf] lj/f;t sfod /x"b} cfPsf] tyf lgDg k""hLjfbL juL{o w/ftn k|jn /x]sf] xfd|f] kf6L{ klg b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngdf of t k"0f{ pbfl;gtf ckgfpg] of ljrf/ / /fhgLltsf] cxd\ k|ZgnfO{ eGbf ;+sL0f{ u'6ut cfu|x, JolQmut :jfy{, hftLo–If]qLo–ln+uLo ;+sL0f{tf cflbnfO{ k|wfgtf lbg] / ;+3if{sf] v'Nnf eGbf if8oGqd"ns ljlw ckgfpg] …cfnf]s k|j[lQÚ sf uDeL/ sdhf]/Lx¿ ljBdfg /x]sfn] ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsfndf ljsl;t oxL ljlw cg';f/ gof“ ;+Zn]lift ljrf/>[+vnf …k|r08kyÚ nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ rnfpg / gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg cfh cToGt} h?/L ePsf] 5 .

qmflGtkl5 kf6L{leqaf6 gof“ k""hLklt ju{ hGd]/ k|ltqmflGt ug{ ;Sg] vt/fsf lj?4 ckgfpg' kg]{ d'Vo xltof/ klg b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ g} xf] . b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngdf pbf/tf ckgfp“bf jf unt ljlw cg'z/0f ubf{ cj;/jfbn] kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 / cGttM Tof] g} k|ltqmflGtsf] sf/0f aGg hfG5 eGg] Oltxf;n] l;4 ul/;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] ljrf/ / /fhgLltdf uDeL/ e6sfj ePsf tTjx¿ lj?4 lgd{d ;+3if{ rnfP/ g} kf6L{sf] z'l4s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / qmflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 . rLgdf t]ª nufotsf cj;/jfbLx¿ lj?4 b'O{–nfO{g ;+3if{ ;+rfngdf ckgfOPsf] pbf/tf / qmflGtsf/L k+lQmleq b]lvPsf] ;+3if{ ;+rfng;DaGwL s'zntfsf] sdLn] klg qmflGtn] ck"/0fLo Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] tYoaf6 klg cfhsf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] uDeL/ kf7 l;Sg'kb{5 . lgZro g} cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;sf] ;fk]Iftfdf b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{nfO{ Jofks jf ;Lldt agfpg] eGg] 6'+uf] nufpg'kb{5 . t/ ljutdf k|foM ;a} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿ leq}af6 / Tof] klg s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tj tx}af6 k|ltqmflGtx¿ hGd]sf] tYon] b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{sf] s]Gb|ljGb' g]t[Tj txdf g} agfpg' kg]{ / To;df a9L g} lgd{d / s'zn aGg' kg]{ kf7 l;sfp“b5 . eljiodf k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg ;Sg] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] of] kIfdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . kf6L{ / ;Qfsf] zLif{:y g]t[Tj sAhf u/]/ a;]sf ;+zf]wgjfbLx¿nfO{ ckb:y ug{ tNnf] txsf kf6L{ sfo{stf{x¿ / u}/–kf6L{ hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t cfGbf]ngdf ptfg'{ k/]sf] rLlgof“ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] cg'ejaf6 klg ;a}n] a]n}df l;Sg' cfjZos 5 . ;f/df kf6L{leqsf] b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngdf hglbzfsf] k|of]u g} dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] d"n dd{ x'gfn] z'?b]lv g} To;nfO{ kf6L{leq ;+:yfut ug'{ g} gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{sf] d"n ljz]iftf x'g'kb{5 .

-3_ hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] ;xL ;+rfng M gof“ 9+usf] qmflGtsf/L ;Gbe{df a9L Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ csf]{ k|Zg hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] k4ltsf] ;xL ;+rfng xf] . ;aeGbf klxn] …hgjfbÚ / …s]lGb|otfÚ sf b'O{ k|ju{x¿sf] dxTj / cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifodf ljljw cj;/jfbL sf]0fx¿af6 km}nfPsf e|dx¿af/] k|i6 x'g h?/L 5 . tL b'O{ Pp6} j:t'sf ljk/Lt kf6fx¿ x'g\ / Pssf] cefjdf csf]{sf] cl:tTj /xGg eGg j}1flgs ;RrfO{nfO{ 7Ls;“u cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sbf ljutdf cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf sfkmL e|d / ;d:of k}bf ePsf] s6' oyfy{ xf] . s'g} klg ;+u7g eGg] lalQs} Toxf“ k|flwsf/ (Authority) / s]Gb|Lotfsf] k|Zg cfp“5 / cGTodf, ;+u7g eg]sf] s]Gb|Lotf g} xf] . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh / dfgj hfltnfO{ Pp6} ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh / dfgj hfltnfO{ Pp6} ;fDojfbL 5ftfd'lg uf]naGb ug{ qmflGtsf ljleGg r/0f -cyf{t\ Wj+;, lgdf{0f / ljnf]kLs/0f_df To;sf] :j?k / e"ldsf s:tf] x'g] eGg] dfq ljjfb x'g;Sg] ljifo xf] . To;}n] kf6L{ ljleGg :yfgLo ;d"xx¿df ljeflht / lj>[+vlnt /x]sf] / cfGbf]ngn] b]zJofkL /fhg}lts rl/q u|x0f ug{ g;ls/x]sf] z'?sf] r/0fdf s]Gb|Lotfdfly al9 hf]8 lbP/ n]lggn] h'g l;4fGtx¿sf] k|ltkfbg ug'{ eof] tTsfnLg ;Gbe{df tL ljNs'n j:t'jfbL / ;xL lyP . ;fy}, Tolta]nf klg jxf“n] hgjfbL s]Gb|LotfnfO{ æ5nkmn / cfnf]rgfsf] :jtGqtf, sfdsfjf{xLdf Ps?ktfÆ eg]/ h;/L kl/eflift ug'{eof], Tof] emg\ ;6Ls lyof] . en} Tolta]nf;Dd ljsl;t k""hLjfbL b]zdf ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] / pRr cg'ej af]s]sf] hd{gLsf] kf6L{ ;d]t bf]>f] cGt/f{li6«o cj;/jfbL g]tfx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf eLdsfo gf]s/zfxL ;+oGqdf kl/0ft x'"b} uPsf] s6' cg'ej Psflt/ / csf]{lt/ ;fk]If?kn] lk5l8Psf] ?;sf] ;j{xf/f ju{n] 7"nf] cfw'lgs km\ofS6«L pTkfbg k|0ffnLaf6 ;fd'lxstfsf] kf7 /fd|/L l;lsg;s]sf] l:yltsf] xjfnf lbb} jfdkGyL qmflGtsf/L sf]0faf6 /f]hf nUh]Dau{n] kf6L{sf] clt–…s]Gb|Ls[tÚ 9f“rfn] eljiodf gf]s/zfxLnfO{ hGd lbg;Sg] ;zQm ts{x¿ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . n]lggsf] d[To'kl5 :6flngn] ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf o'4 / ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf Wofg lbb} s]Gb|Lotfdfly a9L hf]8 lbg' klg Tolt c:jfefljs lyPg . ;d:of ta z'? eof] ha tTsflng cfjZostf g} ;fj{ef}d l;4fGt aGg yfNof] / s]Gb|Lotf / hgjfbaLrsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwsf] a'emfOdf clwe"tjfb xfjL x'g yfNof] . sf]ldG6g{ / :6flngsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] cEof;df ePsf sdhf]/Lx¿ jf gf]s/zfxL s]Gb|Lotfsf] a9\bf] cEof;n] gof“ 9+un] kf6L{ lgdf{0f;DaGwL of] dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgdf lglZrt e|d / e8\sfj k}bf ePs} xf], h'g ljljw?kdf ce}m hf/L 5 .

o; ;DaGwdf dfcf]n] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ug'{ ePsf JofVof / dxfg ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsfndf ug'{ePsf] k|of]u / ljsf;nfO{ g} gof“ o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] u|x0f ug'{kb{5 / gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/zLnf agfpg' kb{5 . ;j{k|yd dfcf]n] hgjfbL s]Gb|LotfnfO{ æhgtfaf6 lnP/ hgtfnfO{ lbg]Æ k4ltsf] ?kdf / hgjfbsf] hudf s]Gb|Lotf / æs]Gb|Lotfsf] lgb]{zgdf hgjfbÆ egL tL b'O{ aLrsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwsf] h'g kl/efiff ug'{eof] Tof] Psbd ;xL 5 . Tof] eGbf klg cem} cl3 a9]/ ;g\ !(^@ df jxf“n] hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf;DaGwL h'g JofVofg lbg'eof] -x]gf]{;\, ælj:tfl/t s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;Dd]ngdf efif0fÆ #) hgj/L_ Tof] kf6L{;DaGwL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtsf] ljsf;sf] sf];]9'+uf xf] . To;df hgjfb / s]Gb|Lotfsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/] k|i6 kfb}{ elgPsf] 5M– æhgjfbL lagf s'g} ;xL s]Gb|Lotf x'g ;Sb}g lsgsL dflg;x¿sf ljrf/x¿ km/s x'G5g\ / olb pgLx¿sf] s'g} rLh;DaGwL a'emfOdf Ps?ktf ePg eg] s]Gb|Lotf :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . s]Gb|Lotf s] xf] < ;aeGbf klxn] of] ;xL ljrf/x¿sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f xf], h;sf] cfwf/df ;dembf/L, gLlt, of]hgf, sdfg / sfjf{xLdf Pstf k|fKt x'G5 . o;nfO{ s]Gb|Ls[t Pstf elgG5 .Æ -:6'cf6{ :sfd, dfcf]T;]t'ª h:tfsf] t:t}, c+u|]hL, k]=!^#–$_ To;nfO{ cem} ;"qa4 u/]/ jxf“n] cufl8 eGg'ePsf] 5 M– æpRr k|sf/sf] hgjfb ljgf pRr k|sf/sf] s]Gb|Lotf k|fKt ug{ c;Dej 5, / pRr k|sf/sf] s]Gb|Lotf ljgf ;dfhjfbL cy{tGqsf] :yfkgf ug{ c;Dej 5 .Æ -pxL, k]= !^&_

o;/L s]Gb|LotfnfO{ k|wfgtf lb+b} To;sf] lgdf{0fdf hgjfbsf] h'g lg0ff{os dxTj /xG5 -h;nfO{ :6flngsf] kl5Nnf] sfndf Go"gLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] / a9\bf] k|zf;lgs tl/sfn] s]Gb|Lotf lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof]_ To;nfO{ ;xL ;Gt'ngdf NofP/ gof“ 9|usf] hgcfwfl/t kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf dfcf]n] lbg'ePsf] of]ubfgnfO{ xfd|f] o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] 7Ls;“u cg'z/0f ug{' Psbd cfjZos 5 . vf;u/L hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] ;xL cEof;sf] sdLn] kf6L{ g]t[Tj sfo{stf{x¿af6 s6\g] / k'/} kf6L{ hg;d'bfoaf6 s6\g] h'g eo+s/ uNtL eP / To;n] cfTdut k|sf/n] k|ltqmflGt x'g d2t k'Uof] To;nfO{ ;RofP/ gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug'{ cfh Psbd h?/L ePsf] 5 . To;sf] ;fy} kf6L{sf] ToxL gf]s/zfxLs/0f k|lqmofn] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjaf6 k|ltqmflGt ul/+bf tNnf txsf sfo{stf{n] h'g ljb|f]x ug]{ ;fx; u/]gg\ To;nfO{ ;Rofpgsf] lglDt ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsfndf kf6L{ sfo{stf{ / hg;d'bfosf] kxn a9fpg ul/Psf k|of;x¿nfO{ klg casf] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{n] ;+:yfut ug'{ cfjZos 5 . gf]s/zfxL / c/fhstfjfb Pp6} lgDg k""hLjfbL l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'gfn] tL b'O{lj?4 lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ rnfP/ hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] ;xL cEof;dfkm{t\ j[xt\ hgjfbleq plQs} pRr s]Gb|Lotfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ / cGttM /f]hf nSh]Dju{n] eGg' eP h:t} …:j}lR5s s]Gb|LotfÚ (self-centrlism) lgdf{0f u/]/ hgjfb / s]Gb|Lotf b'j}sf] ;fDojfbdf ljnf]kLs/0f ug'{ ;j{xf/fjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] clGtd Wo]o x'g'k5{ .

-ª_ g]t[Tj / qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] k|ZgM ;j{xf/fju{sf] ;r]t cu|b:tf x'gfn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ eg]sf] n]lggn] eGg' eP em}+ g]tfx¿sf] kf6L{ xf] . ;fy} klxn] n]lggn] / kl5 dfcf]n] JofVof ug'{ eP h:t} juL{o ;dfh /lx/x];Dd hg, ju{, kf6L{ / g]t[Tjsf] >[+vnfa4 e]b /lx/xG5 / To;nfO{ cfbz{jfbL 9+un] OGsf/ u/]/ xf]Og j:t'jfbL 9+un] a'em]/ / abn]/ g} sDo'lgi6x¿n] clGtd ;fDojfbL Wo]o k|fKt ug]{ sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . To; lx;fan] s'g} klg kf6L{ jf ;+u7gnfO{ em}+ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ klg c;fWo} s]Gb|Ls[t, k|lwsf/k"0f{ / j}1flgs ljrf/n] ;';lHht / ju{ tyf hg;d'bfo;“u cleGg?kn] uf“l;Psf] g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:tf] g]t[Tj nfdf] ju{–;+3if{ / j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf] qmddf ljsl;t / :yflkt x'G5 . P+u]N;n] eGg' eP em}+ P]ltxfl;s …cfjZostfÚ n] g]t[TjnfO{ hGdfp“5 t/ s'g} JolQm ljz]ifdf Tof] d"lt{s[t x'G5 eGg] rflx" ljz'4 …cfsl:dtfÚ x'g]5 . o;/L ;j{xf/fjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] g t slxNo} g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ x'G5, g t g]t[TjnfO{ Oltxf;sf] pkhf] ;§f Oltxf;nfO{ g]tfx¿sf] pkh 7fGg] / g]t[Tj :jo+ g} kl5 s'g} lbg ljnf]kLs/0f eP/ hfg] j:t' xf] eGg] s'/f e'Ng] uNtL ug{ x'G5 . lsgsL cGttM g]t[Tj eg]sf] qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / ;fd"lxstfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQm xf] / Tof] Oltxf;sf] cfjZostfn] k}bf x'G5 / Tof] cfjZostf k"/f x'g] lalQs} To;sf] klg cj;fg x'G5 . qmflGtsf/L g]t[Tjsf] cefjdf qmflGtn] 7"nf] wSsf vfg' k/]sf] jf k|ltqmflGts} vt/f Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] / g]t[TjnfO{ clwe"tjfbL 9+un] k"Hg] k|j[lQn] gf]s/zfxL k""hLjfbsf] ljsf; u/fpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿sf] ;Gbe{df g]t[Tj;DaGwL qmflGtsf/L åGåjfbL a'emfO{ / g]t[Tjsf] ;xL 9+un] ljsf; tyf p;sf] j}rfl/s tyf ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] lglDt kf6L{n] xd]zf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

k/Gt', cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf vf;u/L :6flngsf] ;dokl5 g]t[Tjsf] k|s[lt, z}nL, ljsf; k|lqmof, :yfkgf, pQ/flwsf/L cflb ljifodf sfkmL ljjfb / e|dx¿ p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ / ltgnfO{ dfn]dfjfbL lj1fgsf] cfwf/df j:t'jfbL 9+un] xn u/]/ gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u2f/ v'|Zrf]en] slyt JolQm–k'hfsf] gfp“df :6flngnfO{ k'/} lgif]w ug]{ b'ik|of; u/]kl5 Psfkl§ blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbL sf]0faf6 :6flngsf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfbzL{s/0f ug]{ / k'/fgf] tyf unt ;fljt e};s]sf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnL ;d]t c"7\ofP/ a:g] ljrngjfbL k|j[lQ cS;/ b]vf kg'{ :jfefljs ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L g]t[Tj …;fd"lxsÚ ls …JolQmutÚ eGg] clwe"tjfbL 9+un] klg k|Zg p7\g] / p7fOg] u/]sf 5g\ . …;jf]{Rr g]t[Tjdf Pssf] b'O{df ljefhgsf] lgod nfu' x'b}gÚ cflb h:tf g]t[Tj;DaGwL s]xL unt dfGotfsf sf/0f klg k]?sf] qmflGtn] wSsf vfg' k/]sf] l:yltaf6 ;d]t kf7 l;s]/ xfdL cl3 a9\g' k/]sf] 5 .

o; l;nl;nfdf ædxf–ljjfbÆ sf] qmddf rLlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] æ:6flngsf] k|ZgÆ af/] rrf{ ub}{ cl3 ;f/]sf] g]t[Tj;DaGwL dfn]dfjfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ :d/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . To;df qmflGtsf/L g]t[Tjsf] k|s[ltaf/] :ki6 ub}{ elgPsf] 5 –ækf6L{;“u l:y/ vfnsf] g]t[Tjsf] Go"sn; x'g'kb{5, h'g nfdf] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ g]tfx¿sf] ;d"xn] ag]sf] x'g'k5{, hf] dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbsf] ;fj{ef}d ;RrfOnfO{ qmflGtsf] 7f]; Jojxf/;“u Psfsf/ u/fpg lgk"0f{ x'G5g\ .Æ -rLlgof sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, dxf–ljjfb c+u|]hL, k]= !)$_

oxf“ Wofg lbg'kg]{ d'Vo a'"bfx¿ ænfdf] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ g]tfx¿sf] ;d"xÆ / ædfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbsf] ;fj{ef}d ;RrfOnfO{ qmflGtsf] 7f]; Jojxf/;“u Psfsf/ u/fpg lgk'0fÆ eGg] g} x'g\ . lsgsL Oltxf;df ;Ifd …g]tfx¿sf] ;d"xÚ lagf s'g} klg qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] 5}g / g]t[Tjsf] ;Ifdtf hf“Rg] d'Vo s;f}6L g} pgLx¿n] dfn]dfjfbL lj1fgsf] æ;fj{ef}d ;RrfO{Æ nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] qmflGtsf] æ7f]; Jojxf/Æ ;“u Psfsf/ u/fpg ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ eGg] xf] . xfd|f] kf6L{n] oxL j}1flgs dFGotfsf cfwf/df cWoIf s= k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf s]Gb|b]lv tn;Dd lk/fld8sf] cfsf/df nfn / lgk'0f g]t[Tjsf] >[+vnf ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt to u/]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ 7Ls;“u cfTd;ft u/]/ sfof{Gjog ug{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k/]sf] 5 .

g]t[Tj;“u hf]l8Psf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] k|Zg xf] . ljutsf qmflGtx¿df :yflkt d"n g]t[Tjsf] cj;fgkl5 qmflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] cefjdf Toxf“ k|ltqmflGt ;lhn} ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] lttf] kf7af6 l;s]/ gof“ o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] a]n}b]lv pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] >[+vnf tof/ ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbg h?/L ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ?;L k|ltqmflGtaf6 kf7 l;s]/ dfcf]n] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] sfndf ænfvf}+ nfv pQ/flwsf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] / x'sf{pg]Æ h'g s'/f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] To;nfO{ bx|f];“u kqmg h?/L 5 . To;} qmddf dfcf]n] …Ps–df–tLgÚ sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ a[4, k|f}9 / o'jf g]t[Tjsf] h'g l6d dflyb]lv tn;Dd tof/ ug]{ k|of; ug'{ePsf] lyof], To;nfO{ klg 7Ls;“u cfTd;ft u/]/ a]n}b]lv nfu" ug{ cfjZos 5 . cflv/ g]t[Tj eg]sf] ;xL ljrf/wf/f / /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfdfkm{t\ nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] ;xL ljrf/ / /fhgLltdf cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ k|lzlIft u/]/ dfq} qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] cgGt >[+vnf tof/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . g]t[Tj eg]sf] ljrf/ / /fhgLlt, ;+u7g / ;+3if{sf] ;d'Rr of]u x'"bfx'"b} klg To;df ljrf/ / /fhgLlt g} k|wfg x'g] x'gfn] ljrf/ / /fhgLltnfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ ;+u7gfTds jf tTsfnLg Jojxfl/s lx;fan] dfq g]t[Tj jf pQ/flwsf/Lsf] >[+vnf sfod ug]{ k|oTg ;xL / ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf cg'ejx¿n] l;4 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; cltl/Qm kf6L{, ;]gf / ;/sf/df Pp6} JolQmsf] g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ k4ltnfO{ TofUb} dfcf]n] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ;a} If]qdf ;j{xf/f ju{ / kf6L{sf] PsLs[t g]t[Tj nfu' ug]{ t/ Pp6} JolQm kf6L{ jf ;/sf/sf] cfhLjg g]t[Tjdf a:g] c3f]lift k/Dk/faf/] gof“ 9+un] ;f]Rg klg casf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] ;fx; ug}{k5{ . ;fy} åGåjfbsf] lgod cg';f/ g} ;xL ljrf/ / g]t[TjnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ ;“u;“u} kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf ljBdfg cj;/jfbL ljrf/ / g]t[TjnfO{ cfd?kdf g+Uofpg / hg;d'bfonfO{ lrgfO{ /fVg klg gof“ o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/f u2f/ t]Ën] k'gM kf6L{df jfk; eP/ k|ltqmflGtsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] 36gfn] l;4 u/]sf] 5 . o; k|;+udf æl;4fGt, nfOg jf lbzf;DaGwL 7"nf] uNtLsf] g]t[Tj u/]sfx¿nfO{ ;Rofpg ufx|f] x'G5Æ -dfcf]T;]–t'ª h:tfsf] t:t}, k]= @($_ eg]/ dfcf]n] ug'{ePsf] d"Nof+sgnfO{ dx]zf :d/0f ul//fVg' pkof]uL x'g]5 .

-r_ hglbzf / sfo{z}nLsf] k|Zg M ljutdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿sf] ktg / k|ltqmflGtsf] Pp6f d'Vo cfwf/ kf6L{sf] hg;d'bfo;“u ;DaGw ljR5]b x'gk'Ug' lyof] . z'?df kf6L{nfO{ …cu|b:tfÚ sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf g} n]lggn] hg;d'bfoaf6 s6]df cu|b:tfn] cfkm\gf] cu|b:tfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] 5}g egL o;/L va/bf/L ug'{ePsf] lyof]M– æPp6f cu|b:tfn] cu|b:tfsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] e"ldsf ta dfq} k"/f ug{ ;S5 ha pm cfkm"n] g]t[Tj ug]{ hgtfb]lv s6\gaf6 aRg ;kmn ;kmn x'G5 / ;f“Rr} g} ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ cu|ufdL lbzfdf g]t[Tj ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 .Æ -n]lgg, ;+slnt /rgf -c+u|]hL_, efu ##, k]=@@&_

k/Gt' kf6L{ / hg;d'bfoaLrdf k'n (Transmission belt) sf] sfd ug]{ elgPsf u}/–kf6L{ hg;+u7gx¿ qmdzM cf}krfl/stfjfbdf ;Lldt x'b} uPkl5 / hg;d'bfo;“u k|ToIf hf]l8g] cGo k|efjsf/L ;+/rgfx¿ ;+:yfut x'g g;s]kl5 kf6L{x¿ hg;d'bfoaf6 s6\g] / gf]s/zfxL ;+oGqdf ablng] k|lqmof tLj| aGb} uof] . kf6L{leq / ljleGg txsf hg;/sf/x¿sf lglDt x'g] lgjf{rgx¿ kmut cf}krfl/stfdf kl/0ft x'"b} uPsf]n] klg kf6L{ / hg;d'bfoaLrsf] b'/L a9\g' :jfefljs lyof] .

To;sf] lgbfg :j?kn] dfcf]n] rLlgof“ qmflGtsf] bf}/fgdf ljsl;t ug'{ePsf] hglbzf (Mass Line) sf] gLlt / To;sf] pTsif{df ;+Zn]lift ug'{ ePsf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] cjwf/0ff -h'g s/f]8f}+ hgtfdf rnfOPsf] …hg;d'bfosf] hgjfbÚ It mass democracy sf] ;jf]{Qd gd"gf lyof]_ – nfO{ casf] o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] z'?b]lv g} ;+:yfut u/]/ n}hfg cToGt h?/L 5 . æhgtfaf6 lnP/ hgtfnfO{ b]pÆ, æhgtfsf] ;]jf u/Æ, æhgtf g} Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g\Æ, æhgtf df6f] x'g\, sDo'lgi6x¿ lap x'g\Æ, æhgtf kfgL x'g\, 5fkfdf/x¿ df5f x'g\Æ cflb ;/n / hgefiffsf gf/fx¿df cleJoQm, Tof] hglbzfsf] gLltn] kf6L{, ;]gf / hg;/sf/nfO{ xd]zf hgtf;“u hf]l8g / hgtfsf] lgu/fgLdf /xg lgb]{lzt ub{5 . sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf h8 alg;s]sf sltko k/Dk/futjfbL dfGotfx¿nfO{ Roftr"t kfb}{ kf6L{sf g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ u}/–kf6L{ hg;d'bfon], cvaf/, ;ef–h'n'; jf 7"nf leQf kf]i6/ dfkm{t\ cfnf]rgf ug{ kfOg] h'g ljlw dfcf]sf] rLgdf ;+:yfut ul/Psf] lyof] To;af6 cfhsf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] uDeL/?kn] l;Sg h?/L 5 . To;sf] Pp6f ;6Ls pbfx/0f dfcf]sf] lgDg egfOnfO{ lng ;lsG5M–

æof] 3f]if0ff ul/g'k5{ ls hg;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf] -kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf]–n]_ v'Nnf ?kdf cfnf]rgf ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] dfq xf]Og ls clkt' cfjZos kbf{ pgLx¿nfO{ kbaf6 avf{:t ug]{, cyjf pgLx¿sf] avf{:buL lglDt l;kmfl/; ug]{, cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ kf6L{af6 lgisf;g lglDt l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;fy} ;aeGbf v/fa tTjx¿nfO{ d'2f rnfpg / bl08t ug{sf] lglDt hgcbfntnfO{ ;'Dkg] clwsf/ klg x'G5 .Æ -dfcf] T;]–t'Ë, 5flgPsf /rgfx¿ -c+u|]hL_, efu–$, k]= !*^_

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vf;u/L gof“ hgjfbL jf ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg eP/ ;Qfdf k'u]sf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] Jojxf/tM ;Qfdf Psflwsf/ hdfpg] / cGo kf6L{x¿sf] cf}krfl/s cl:tTj /x] klg ltgLx¿;“u s'g} k|lt:kwf{ gx'g] sf/0fn] aflx/af6 kf6L{sf] s'g} k|efjsf/L cfnf]rgf jf lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f geP/ klg kf6L{n] ;lhn} /+u abn]sf] tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . To;}n] gof“ cg'ejsf cfwf/df kf6L{n] ;j{xf/fjuL{o rl/q u'dfPdf To;nfO{ ;Qfaf6 x6fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ hg;d'bfonfO{ k|Tofe"lt u/fpg bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds jf cGo s'g} pko'Qm cfjlws lgjf{rgsf ljlw ckgfpg]tkm{ klg gof“ o'usf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg' kb{5 . u[xo'4sflng sltko tLtf cg'ejx¿kl5 kl5Nnf] r/0fdf uP/ n]lggn] …;j{xf/f clwgfosTj sDo'lgi6 kf6L{dfkm{t dfq} nfu" x'g ;S5Ú eg] klg To;nfO{ xfdLn] clwe"tjfbL 9+un] h8;"qsf] ?kdf glnP/ åGåjfbL 9+un] ;do / kl/l:ylt ;fk]If?kdf lng'kb{5 / n]lggn] cGo ;Gbe{df ;f]leot ;Qfdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] cGo kf6L{x¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] tYonfO{ gof“ lz/faf6 :d/0f ug'{kb{5 . h:tf] ls !(!* df ;f]leot ;Qfsf] >]i7tfsf] rrf{ ub}{ jxf“n] eGg'ePsf] lyof]–

æolb >lds hgtf cfkm\gf] kf6L{af6 c;Gt'i6 ePdf pgLx¿n] c? k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ r'Gg ;S5g, csf]{ kf6L{nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;S5g\ / s'g} qmflGt lagf g} ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g\ .Æ -;+slnt /rgf, efu @^ -c+u|]hL_, k]= $(*_

o;sf] ;fy;fy} kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;j{xf/fjfbL sfo{z}nLdf Wofg lbP/ / kf6L{nfO{ lg/Gt/ z'4Ls/0f cleofgdfkm{t\ ;j{xf/fs/0f u/]/ kf6L{sf] /+u ablng glbg / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] dfu{df cl3 al9/xg] j:t'ut kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f u/L ljz]if hf]8 ug'{kb{5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] Pp6f sfo{z}nL eg]sf] b'j} …nfnÚ / …lgk'0fÚ x'g] / d'Vo ?kn] …nfnÚ aGgdf hf]8 lbg] xf] eg] csf]{ sfo{z}nL ;fbf hLjg / s8f d]x]gtsf] z}nL xf] . tNnf] ju{af6 cfPsfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ kf6L{ / ;Qfsf sfddf k|>o lbP/ / dfgl;s >d ug]{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s >ddf ;xefuL agfP/ kf6L{leq leGg ju{x¿sf] pkl:ylt d]6fp“b} n}hfg ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . To;/L g} cfnf]rgf / cfTdcfnf]rgfsf] k4ltnfO{ s8fOk"j{s cg'z/0f u/]/ cfjlws?kn] unt lrGtg / sfo{z}nLsf lj?4 z'4Ls/0f cleofg -h;df j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0f, /fhg}lts z'4Ls/0f ;f“u7lgs z'4Ls/0f / ;f“:s[lts z'4Ls/0f kb{5g\_ rnfP/ kf6L{sf] lg/Gt/ ;j{xf/fs/0f ub}{ n}hfg] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{sf] rl/q x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} æcfkm};“u ;+3if{ u/, ;+zf]wgjfbnfO{ k/f:t u/Æ eGg] ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] k|l;4 gf/f cg'?k sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] cfTd;+3if{df lg/Gt/ hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

-5_ clwgfosTjsf] ;fwg / ljnf]kLs/0fsf] k|ZgM dfS;{ / P+u]N;åf/f lnlvt æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff kqÆ df elgP em}+ sDo'lgi6x¿sf] Wo]o klxn] ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ …zf;s ju{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{Ú -jf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj sfod ug]{_ / cGTodf …ju{sf] ?kdf cfkm\g} cflwkTosf] cGTo ug]{Ú xf] . o;/L z'?df alnof] ;Qf jf juL{o clwgfosTjsf] ;fwg aGg] / cGttM ;a}vfn] ju{ / ;Qf;lxt kf6L{sf] ?kdf cfkm\g} cl:tTj ;dfKt kfg]{ Wo]odf nfUg] cGt/lj/f]wL sfdsf] z'?b]lv g} ;+of]hg ug]{ k|Zg g} gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] ;a}eGbf r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfd xf] . ljutdf alnof] ;j{xf/fjuL{o ;Qfsf] lgdf{0fsf] cjlw;Dd t kf6L{n] ;xh 9+un] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] t/ To;nfO{ …clGtd nIoÚ ;Dd n}hfg] lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|Zgdf g/fd|/L k/flht ePsf] s6' P]ltxfl;s oyfy{ xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] 5 . oxL+g]/ dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg æ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGtu{t lg/Gt/ qmflGtÆ sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ xfdLn] 7Ls;“u u|x0f ug'{ / To;nfO{ k|:yfg ljGb' dfg]/ cfkm\gf] dfu{ lglb{i6 ug'{ xfd|f] sl7g bfloTj ag]sf] 5 .

;fy} oxL+g]/ …cfjZostfÚ / …:jtGqtfÚ sf] b'lgof“sf] s'/f k|an ag]/ cfp“b5 . lglZrt?kn] clxn] xfdL cfjZostfsf] b'lgof“df 5f}+ . tTsfn} To;nfO{ gf3]/ hfg ;Sg] l:yltdf 5}gf}+ To;}n] clxn] cfjZostfsf] kIf g} k|wfg xf] . t/ åGåjfbsf] lgod cg';f/ cfjZostfsf] b'lgof“ klg ultzLn / kl/jt{gzLn 5 / Tof] cfkm\g} 9+un] :jtGqtfsf] b'lgof“lt/ cl3 al9/xG5 . km]l/ dfG5]sf] r]tgfsf] klg e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}n] dfcf]n] eGg'ePsf] lyof] –

æcfjZostfnfO{ a'‰g' / cfjZostfnfO{ abNg' :jtGqtf xf] . cfjZostfnfO{ a'em]/ dfq k'Ub}g, xfdLn] j:t'nfO{ abNg' klg k5{ .Æ -dfcf]T;]t'Ë h:tfsf] t:t}, k] @@*_

sd;]sd casf] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{df of] r]tgf ljsl;t x'g}k5{ . To;/L dfq xfdLn] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] dd{nfO{ a'‰g]5f}+ / cfjZostfsf] b'lgof“sf] …;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / :jtGqtfÚ sf] b'lgof“ pGd'v …lg/Gt/ qmflGtÚ nfO{ Ps};fy ;dfof]hg u/]/ n}hfg] af6f] k}Nofpg ;Sg]5f}+ . oxL ;+of]hgsf] k|Zg g} ;DejtM PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf ;j{xf/fjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf lgldQ ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s r'gf}lt xf] .

o:tf] Ps} ;fy …cfjZostfÚ sf] b'lgof“df plePsf] t/ …:jtGqtfÚ sf] b'lgof“lt/ pGd'v gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{sf yk ljz]iftf s] s] x'g'knf{ t <>

æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ ;a} Oltxf;sf pkh x'g\ . Oltxf;df h] hGdG5 Tof] Oltxf;d} ljnLg x'G5 . To;}n], Pslbg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ljnLg x'g]5, / To;/L g} hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ klg ljnLg x'g]5g\ . s] of] ljlngLs/0f Tolt g/dfOnf] 5 <>

@=# lgisif{

n]lggn] eGg' eP em}+ ædfS;{jfb s'g} h8j:t' geP/ Jojxf/sf] lglDt dfu{ lgb]{zg xf]Æ . To;/L g} dfS;{jfbsf] cFTdf eg]sf] æqmflGtsf/L åGåjfbÆ / To;sf] æcfnf]rgfTds efjgfÆ xf] . ;f/f+zdf åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL k|0ffnL g} dfn]dfjfbsf] ;f/tTj xf] . To;}n] xfdLn] ;+;f/sf ;a} j:t' / 36gfx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ultzLntf / kl/jt{gzLntfdf x]g'{ kb{5 / ljut 8]9 ;o jif{sf] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / y'k|} qmflGt tyf k|ltqmflGtx¿sf cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{ / To;sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tyf k4ltnfO{ klg P]ltxfl;s ultzLntfdf g} x]g'{ / a'‰g ;Sg'kb{5 . cGttM ;+;f/df …u'dfpgsf] lglDt s]xL gePsf]Ú Oltxf;sf] ;aeGbf cu|ufdL ju{ ;j{xf/fju{sf] ;r]t cu|b:tf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] ;Rrf ;j{xf/fjuL{o rl/q sfod ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g / To;n] gof“ hgjfbL / ;dfhjfbL qmflGtb]lv ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtx¿sf c;+Vo >[+vnfx¿ kf/ ub}{ lg/Gt/ qmflGtdfkm{t\ ljZjJofkL ju{ljxLg / /fHoljxLg ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf u/]/ cfkm\g} ljnf]kLs/0f x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f g} qmflGtsf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg ePsfn] xfdLn] clxn];Ddsf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ laNs'n qmflGtsf/L åGåjfbL / cfnf]rgfTds 9+un] ;dLIff u/]/ gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{sf] hu a;fNg] ;fx; ug}{k5{ .

o; ;fGbe{df xfdLn] ;a} vfn] blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbL tyf ?l9jfbL / c/fhstfjfbL ljrngx¿af6 ;ts{ /xb} d'Vo ?kn] n]lggn] ljsl;t ug'{ ePsf kf6L{;DaGwL l;4fGt / tLaf/] jfdkGyL qmflGtsf/L sf]0faf6 /f]hf nUh]Dju{n] p7fpg' ePsf sltko k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbb} / tL dfly kl5Nnf] r/0fdf dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsfndf dfcf]n] yk ljsl;t ug'{ ePsf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ bx|f];“u kqmb} gof“ cfjZostf cg'?k tL ;a}eGbf cl3 a9]/ gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{ lxDdt ug'{k5{ . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] ;+Zn]lift u/]sf] gjLgtd ljrf/ >[+vnf dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] dd{ / Oltxf;n] xfdLdfly ;'Dk]sf] gof“ lhDd]jf/L oxL xf] .

@)%( sflt{s @@

d'Vo ;dfrf/

dfcf]jfbLåf/f kf6L{leqsf] ax; ;fj{hlgs

æljut bz jif{b]lv dxfg\ hgo'4sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] kf6L{sf] x}l;otn] o;leq ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf lgldQ tLj| ax; x'g' ;j{yf :jfefljs 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf rln/x]sf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ b]v]/ k'/fgf ;Qfsf dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfb]lv cfTd;dk{0fsf/L ;+zf]wgjfbL 6§';Ddn] xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ / dxfg\ hgo'4sf] k/fho x'g] lbjf:jKgsf] cfTd/lt ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ xfd|f] kf6L{ / o;sf] d"n g]t[Tj k+lQm eg] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos ljrf/sf lgldlQ hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t ax;df ;xefuL u/fO{ cufl8 a9\g b[9 ;+slNkt /x]sf] 5 .Æ

pNn]lvt s'/f g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf s=k|r08n] j}zfv !& ut] Ps jQmJodfkm{t\ kf6L{leqsf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{]qmddf atfpg' ePsf] xf] .

pxf“n] cfkm\gf] jQmJodf cufl8 eGg'ePsf] 5 –ækf6L{df ljsf; ePsf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wsf] k|s[ltsf] hfgsf/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] hg;d'bfosf ljleGg tKsfsf ;'emfj / cfnf]rgfn] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] gof“ k|of]unfO{ dfq JoQm ug{] x}g clkt' ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu gof“ cfwf/sf] e"ldsf klg v]Ng]5 eGg] s'/fdf xfd|f] kf6L{ ljZj:t /x]sf] 5 . oxL ljZjf;df xfd|f] kf6L{leqsf] ax;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .Æ

dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf s=k|r08n] cfdhg;d'bfosf] ;'emfj / ;Nnfxsf lglDt eg]/ hf/L ug{'ePsf] ;fdu|Lx?df s nfnWjhsf kq / s[ofsnfkaf/] kf6L{sf] wf/0ff, s=nfnWjh -8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{_sf sflt{s @^ ut] / d+l;/ !% ut] kf6L{df k|:t't ug{'ePsf] kqx? 5g\ . cWoIf s=k|r08sf] jQmJo;lxt tL ;a} ;fdu|Lx?sf] k"0f{ kf7 xfdLn] o; c+s k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}+ –

s=nfnWjhsf] kq / cGo s[ofsnfkaf/]

s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut a}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ xfd|f] dxfg\ tyf uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] l;+uf] k+lQm b'Zdgsf lj?4 k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] P]ltxfl;s of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf uO/x]sf] cToGt ;+j]bglzn 38Ldf kf]ln6Ao"/f]sf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o s=nfnWjhsf] u+eL/ k|s[ltsf] kq crfgs s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k|fKt eof] . ;f] k|s[lt / To;df p7fOPsf k|Zgx?af/] kf6L{ s]Gb| lgDgfg';f/ cfd kf6L{ k+lQmnfO{ :ki6 ug{ rfxfG5 .

!M– kqsf] k[i7e"ld, ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{af/]

@^ sflt{s )^! sf] pQm kqdf eg] em}+ @# sflt{s )^!sf lbg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / s=nfnWjhsf aLrdf ;fdfGo kf6L{ sfdsf ;fy} d'VotM cGt/;+3if{sf] l:yltsf ljifodf sl/a $ 306f nfdf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmns} qmddf s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DalGw ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf/] dfOGo"6 k9\g] sfd klg ul/Psf] lyof] . cGTodf c? !÷@ /fp08 5nkmn ul/ 7f]; lgisif{df k'Ug] ;xdtL ;lxt s=nfnWjh s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 labf x'g' ePsf] lyof] . t/, ;xdtL cg';f/sf] 5nkmn klv{g] ;fdfGo w}o{tf;d]t g/fvL # lbgkl5 g} jxf“n] ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s / To;sf s}of}+ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?k|lt cfklQ hgfOPsf] kq cfkm\gf :6fkm dfkm{t s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg k'Ug' eof] . kqdf p7fOPsf ljifo j:t' t cfkm\gf] 7fp+df 5b+}5g\ kqsf] ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{nfO{ dfq ljrf/ ubf{ klg lgDg u+eL/ k|Zg p7\g' :jefljs x'g uPsf] 5 M

s= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut a}7sdf nfdf] jxz–5nkmn;lxt Psdt4f/f lnOPsf P]ltxfl;s lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjogsf] ;jf{lws ;+j]bglzn If0fdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;du| a}7s / To;sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?sf] lj/f]w u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] cGttM l;+uf] kf6L{k|lt cljZjf; hfx]/ ut]{ tyf k|sf/fGt/n] k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ cToGt u}X lhDd]jf/ tl/sf ckgfpg' ePsf] 5 .

v= s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;+u !÷@ /fp08 c? 5nkmn u/]/ slt s'/f ldNg] / slt s'/f gldNg] 6'¨f] nufPkl5 gldNg] s'/f ePdf ltgsf] xsdf s'g ljlw cg';f/ hfg] lg0f{o u/f}+nf eGg] ;xh ;xdlt ljkl/t PsfPs lj/f]w–kq k7fP/ j:t'tM s=nfnWjhn] ;d:ofsf] ;sf/fTds / hgjfbL ;dfwfgk|lt c?rLdfq b]vfpg' ePg clkt" kf6L{dfly bjfj ;[li6 ug]{ r/d JolQmjfbL z}nLsf] k|bz{g ug'{ eof] .

u= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{osf] dfOGo"6 k9]kl5 o;} ljifonfO{ ;jf{lws hf]8 lbP/ lj/f]w ul/Psf] tYon] kqsf] k|]/s tTj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lg0f{o g} /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ub{5 . o;af6 cf}krfl/s?kdf h] ;'s} elgP klg s=nfnWjhsf nflu kf6L{sf ljrf/, gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / g]t[Tjk|lt ;dy{g jf lj/f]wsf] Psdfq ;t{ cfkm\gf] JolQmut kb / :yfgdfq /x]sf] tYonfO{ g} bzf{p+5, h'g cfkm}df u+eL/ ljrngsf] ;+s]t xf] .

@M– kqdf p7fOPsf ljifoj:t'af/]

s= kqsf] klxnf] a'“bfdf s=nfnWjhn] ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7s / To;df bz lbg;Dd ePsf] Jofks 5nkmn / pRr hgjfbL cEof;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ æcToGt} c:j:y, c;}4flGts / u'6jfbLÆ ePsf] ;+lug cf/f]k nufpg' ePsf] 5 . dxfg hgo'4sf] gf}+ jif{ nfdf] hLjg d/0fsf] n8fO“df k|ToIf g]t[Tjsf aLraf6 ljsl;t ePsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdfly o; k|sf/sf] u+eL/ cf/f]k nufP/ jxf“n] kf6L{ / hgo'4;+u ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] e"ldsf t tof/ kfb}{ x'g' x'Gg eGg] u+eL/ k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 . lgZro g} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf s=nfnWjhsf JolQmjfbL lrGtg, c/fhstfjfbL sfo{z}nL, jf}l4s bDe tyf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf lj?4 jxf“sf u"6jfbL s[ofsnfksf] Jofks cfnf]rgf ePsf] lyof] . To; k|sf/sf] cfnf]rgfsf k5fl8 s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] p4]Zo s=nfnWjhnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{dfq /x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f jxf“sf] /fhLgfdf k|s/0f kl5 s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?4f/f a}7sdf JoQm ljrf/ / efjgfx?n] :ki6 u/]sf lyP . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cGtdf :jo+ s=nfnWjhn] sltko cfnf]rgfx?nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ cfTdfnf]rgf;lxt /fhLgfdf lkmtf{ lng' ePsf] lyof] . t/, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ul/Psf] Tof] :jLsf/f]lQm / cfTdfnf]rgf qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] :kLl/64f/f xf]Og abnfsf] efjgf4f/f k|]l/t lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfq kqn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . ÆxfdLn] kf6L{df ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 / xfdLn] hgtfdf ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 . oL b'O{ cfwf/e"t s'/fdf z+sf ul/of] eg] s]xL klg ug{ ;ls+b}gæ eGg] s=dfcf]sf] lzIffnfO{ s=nfnWjhn] slQ klg a'em\g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdfly nufOPsf] ;+uLg cf/f]kn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

jxf“n] kqdf Æju{–;+3if{sf sltko tfTsflng hl6ntfx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{æ a}7ssf æsltko cToGt} u+eL/ / cfklQhgs s'/fx?af/] klg ;+oldt / df}gÆ /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . lsgeg] pRr hgjfbsf] cEof; eO/x]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf To:tf ÆcfklQhgs s'/fæ cfp“bf ;d]t ju{ ;+3if{sf] hl6ntd df]8df sxf“ x/fof] <>

jf:tljstf t of] xf] ls s=nfnWjh g} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf lg0f{o / :kLl/6 lj?4 uO/xg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t lg0f{o / efjgfsf lj?4 e|d ;[li6 ug]{ tyf u"6jfbL s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUg aGg] u+eL/ ljrnglt/ cufl8 al9/xg' ePsf] 5 . kqdf jxf“n] Æj}rfl/s–/fhg}lts dte]bx?nfO{ :j:y b'O{nfOg ;+3if{sf]?kdf Jojl:yt ug{æ oyflz3| cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzgsf] dfu ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ut s]=;=sf] a}7sn] pko'Qm ;dodf dxflwj]zg ug]{ / To;sf] tof/Lsf ;Gbe{df cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{o cjZo u/]sf] 5 . t/, k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]Gb|Lt ug'{ kg]{ 38Ldf cfkm}n] b'O{nfOg ;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y agfpg kxn ub}{ kf6L{nfO{ cGt/;+3if{df emf]Sg] s=nfnWjhsf] dfun] kf6L{ / qmflGtsf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . clxn] ul/Psf] To; k|sf/sf] dfu / ;lqmotfn] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf æcleJolQmdf :jtGqtf / sfd sfo{jfxLdf Ps?ktfÆsf] 7f8} pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 . cleJolQmdf :jtGqtfn] k|fyldstf kfpg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf æ;+oldt / df}gÆ /xg] tyf sfd sfo{jfxLdf Ps?k x'g' kg]{ ;dodf jxzsf] dfu ug'{n] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotf ;DalGw jxf“sf] clwe"tjfbL / c/fhstfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ t JoQm u/]sf] 5 g} ;fy;fy} o;n] …ef+8df hfcf];\ k|Tofqmd0fÚ eGg] r/d JolQmjfbL ;f]rnfO{ ;d]t cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 .

v= kqsf] bf];|f] a'“bfdf s=nfnWjhn] cfkm\gf] cfqmf]z s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{osf lj?4 kf]Vg' ePsf] 5 . JolQmut ;DklQsf] $) gDa/ wf/f cfPkl5 k"“hLjfbL k|ltlglwx? pQ]lht x'g] ub{5g\ eg] h:t} s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] s'/f cfPkl5 jxf“ pQ]lht geO /xg} ;Sg' x'Gg . of] tYo hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxn k"j{b]lv rf}yf} lj:tfl/t a}7s x'+b} clxn]sf] s]=;=sf] a}7s;Dd cfp“bf Oltxf;l;4 g} eO;s]sf] 5 . s=nfnWjh ;+o'Qm df]rf{ jf ;Qf k|d'v /x“bf;Dd dfq df=n]=df= / k|r08ky 7Ls x'G5, ljrf/sf] ljsf; / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; klg 7Ls} x'G5 t/, olb slx st}af6 jxf“sf] Tof]] :yfg bfof“–afof+ x'g vf]Hof] eg] ;a} s'/f jxf“sf] gh/df kl5 x6fO{ / k|ltudg aGg k'Ub5 . of] Ps;'qLo l;4fGtn] jxf“ :jo+sf] df=n]=df= ;DaGwL a'emfO{, x}lzot / OdfGbf/Ldfly g} u+eL/ k|Zg lrGx v8f u/fO/x]sf] 5 . jxf“sf] b[li6sf]0fdf /x]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vf]6 o;} ljifodf 3gLe"t?kn] JoQm x'g] x'“bf kf6L{df jxz ;s];Dd Totflt/ ghfcf];\ eGg] s'/fdf lgs} hf]8 nufpg] ug'{ x'G5 . s]=;=sf] a}7sdf lkmtf{ lnO;s]sf] /fhLgfdfsf] xjfnf lb+b} jxf“n] kqdf n]Vg' ePsf] 5, ædf]rf{sf] ;+of]hs kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO;s]sf] / ;f] :yfgdf s'g} pko'Qm t];|f] JolQmnfO{ /flvof];\ eGg] k|:tfj /flv ;s]sf]n] o;af/] s'g} If'b| JolQmut 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug]{ / uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|ZgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|oTg st}af6 x'g] 5}g eGg] ljZjf; klg lnPsf] 5' .Æ s'g kl/j]zdf jxf“sf] /fhLgfdf cfof] / s'g kl/j]zdf Tof] lkmtf{ lnOof] eGg] s'/f l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cf+vf cufl8 5 . t/, hlt cfbz{jfbL ts{4f/f cfkm\gf] ;kmfO lbg] sf]l;; ug'{ x'G5 TolQ g} jxf“ km+:b} hfg' x'G5 / emg hAa/?kdf jxf“sf] d"n lrGtf kf6L{, qmflGtsf] xf]Og cfkm\gf] JolQmut :yfgsf] xf] eGg] s'/f g} k|dfl0ft x'G5 . of] tYonfO{ jxf“s} kqsf ts{x?n] :ki6 ub{5g\ .

jxf“ kqdf n]Vg' x'G5, æcgf}krfl/s ?kdf a}7s xn aflx/ ePsf] s=cWoIf;“usf] a;fOdf kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df ;j{xf/f ju{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ ljifodf ;}4flGts ;xdltdfq sfod u/]/ hfg] / To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o kl5 ug]{ eGg] ;dembf/L cg'?k xfdL b'a}af6 ;f]xL 9+usf] k|:t"lt a}7sdf ePsf] xf] .Æ Tof] cgf}krfl/s a;fO{ -h'g lrof lkpg] qmddf ePsf] lyof]_ df ePsf] ;}4flGts s'/fsfgL / a}7ssf] 7f]; lg0f{oaf/] s=nfnWjh e|ldt /x]sf] tYo jxf“n] s]=;=sf] dfOGo"6 æ;"Gg], x]g]{ / a'em\g] sfo{dfÆ x'g uPsf] c;fjwfgLk|lt u/]sf] cfTdfnf]rgfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . hxf“;Dd cWoIfsf x}lzotn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] :d/0f 5, Tof] cgf}krfl/s a;fO{df ;}4flGts 5nkmndf ;fy} clxn] g} kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj 3f]if0ff ug'{ pko'Qm x'+b}g eGg] s'/f ePsf] lyof] . a}7sdf cWoIfn] pko'Qm ;do / k|lqmof ldnfP/ b'Zdgsf lj?4 k|efjsf/L /fhg}lts xdnf x'g] tl/sfn] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DalGw lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff x'g' kb{5 eGb} To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o :yfoL ;ldltn] ug]{ eGg] lgisif{ lbPsf] s'/f l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cufl8 5 .

oxf“ :d/0fsf] s'/f eGbf klg s=nfnWjhsf] kqaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] sflt{s @# ut] dfOGo"6 gk9\bf;Dd jxf“nfO{ lg0f{osf af/]df s]xL e|d lyof] . of] s'/f kf6L{sf e]nf, k|lzIf0fx?df s]Gb|Ls/0faf/] jxf“sf cd"t{ cleJolQmaf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . t/, ha cGo kL=aL=Pd=, ;L=;L=Pd= sd/]8x?n] lg0f{o eO;s]sf] s]jn k|lqmof / ;dosf] af/]df dfq :yfoL ;ldltn] lg0f{o ug]{ xf] eg] kl5 / dfOGo"6 k9]kl5 jxf“df /x]sf] e|d x6\of] . To;kl5 dfq jxf“n] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf lj?4 kq n]Vg' eof] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v /xg] cfzf jf e|d /x“bf;Dd s]=;=sf] a}7s, Pstf / ljhosf] a}7s lyof], jxf“s} cufl8 s=;'lgnnfO{ lbOPsf] /fhLgfdfsf] ;Nnfx klg 7Ls lyof] / s]Gb|Lo :s"n ljefu / k|sfzg ljefudf a:g' klg 7Ls} lyof] . cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v g/xg] l:ylt :ki6 ePkl5 jxf“sf nflu tL ;a} s'/f a]l7s x'g k'u] / uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|Zg aGg uP . JolQmjfbsf] of] eGbf r/d?k c? s] x'g ;S5 < :d/0f /xf];\ kf6L{sf] lg0f{o jxf“nfO{ ;Qfaf6 x6fpg] geP/ kf6L{ cWoIf;d]t :yfoL ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox? clxn]sf] l:yltdf kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf tLg}j6} c+udf PsLs[t eP/ /xg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] dfq xf] .

ca xfdL jxf“n] p7fPsf uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|Zglt/ nfuf}+ π jxf“n] kqdf g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|ZgnfO{ …hgjfbL–s]Gb|LotfÚ, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj lg/Gt/ qmflGt / ;dsflng sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf HjnGt k|Zg;+u hf]8\g' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} jxf“n] g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|r08–ky / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfjsf] dd{ ljkl/t kl5 x6fO{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+eL/ IftL k'¥ofpg] sfd eGg' ePsf] 5 . b]zL / ljb]zL k|lts[ofjfbLx?n] kf6L{ / qmflGtsf lj?4 a9f+pb} nu]sf] if8oGq tyf k|Tofqmd0fsf] cfjZostfdf Wofg lbO xfnsfnflu kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Gj sfod u/]/ hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;xh lg0f{osf lj?4 uxg j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts cf/f]k v8f u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] j:t'tMcfkm\g} j}rfl/s / /fhg}lts ul/aL / ljrngnfO{ dfq phfu/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . s] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotf, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGtn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj x'g gx'g] s'/f slx+ u/]sf] 5 < df="n]="df="" s="nfnWjhn]">

s=nfnWjhn] kqdf Psn g]t[Tjsf] lj/f]w ub}{, ætTsfn To;f] u/]/ hf“bf cfGbf]ngdf yk e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f l;jfo c? s]xL klg xft nfUg] b]lvGg . a? o;n] dfn]dfjfbsf tLgj6} ;+36s c+udf yk ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ ;j{xf/f jlu{o sfo{ef/ / gof+ 9+un] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ kf6L{sf] cleofgnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fgLdfq k'¥ofpg] 5Æ eGg' ePsf] 5 . oxf“ klg jxf“n] ljz'4 s"ts{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . lsgsL /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f h:tf] ljlzi6 / ;+j]bglzn k|lqmofdf kf6L{, ;]gf / d]frf{df :yfoL ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox? Ps l9Ssf eP/ hf“bf kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf e|d xf]Og emg :ki6tf cfpg], cfz+sf xf]Og a? emg ljZjf; a9\g] / 3f6f xf]Og emg kmfObf x'g] s'/f ;fdfGo /fhg}lts 1fgsf] ;xh lgisif{ xf] . t/, xfd|f lj4fg sd/]8 nfnWjh eg] cfkm\g} b[li6 bf]ifsf sf/0f cfkm} e|ldt aGg k'Ug' ePsf] 5 / cfTds]Gb|Lt JolQmjfbsf] rZdfn] x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ b]v]sf] 3f6f dgf]ut?kn] cfGbf]ngdf 3f6fsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ x'G5 . cfGbf]ngdf e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f, rf/}lt/ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t u/]/ hfg] kf6L{sf] ;xL lg0f{oaf6 xf]Og a? ;f] lg0f{osf lj?4 lsrnf] p7fpg] s=nfnWjhsf JolQmjfbL hdsf]{n] kf] k'¥ofp+b} 5 . :yfoL ;ldltsf kf+r} hgf ;b:o kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{sf] g]t[Tj txdf a:bf ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf …gf]S;fgLdfq… k'U5 eGg] jxf“sf] ts{ klg ljlrqsf] 5 . kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x? qmflGtsf tLgj6} k|d'v c+udf PsLs[t eP/ sfd ubf{ ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf yk d4t k'Ug] jf:tljstfnfO{ jxf“n] ga'em]sf] xf]Og a'em krfPsf] afx]s csf]{ lgisif{ lgsfNg} ;lsGg .

kqdf jxf“n] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ / b'Zdgsf if8oGqnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;f+u7lgs?kn] PsLs[t eP/ hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] kf6L{sf] ts{nfO{ æxNsf, s]6f}n] / c;}4flGtsÆ eGg' ePsf] 5 . b]zleqsf] dfq geP/ jfXo b'Zdgn] ;d]t kf6L{sf lj?4 cGt{Wj+;sf] lgof]lht if8oGqnfO{ ltj|tf lbO/x]sf] hLjGt oyfy{ tyf k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;+j]bglzn cfjZostfsf] jf]w u/]/ kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ljefhgnfO{ oyf;+ej PsLs[t t"Nofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . kf6L{sf] of] lg0f{o xf]Og a? s=nfnWjhs} cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v g/xg] l:yltdf /fhLgfdf lbO xfNg] / ;f] kbdf kf6L{ aflx/sf] ;d]t s'g} t];|f] JolQm /fVg] dfu ug]{ s'/f ;f]X} cfgf c;}4flGts, xNsf / s]6f}n] /x]sf] tYo a'em\g s;}nfO{ sl7gfO kb}{g .

u= kqsf] t];|f] a'+bfdf s=;"gLnsf] /fhLgfdf k|;+u p7fOPsf] 5 . of] s'/f lglZrt xf] ls kf6L{n] ef/tsf] lbNnL, l;lnu'9L / k6gfdf ePsf lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfx?nfO{ cToGt u+eL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] 5 . ctM To; ;Gbe{df 5fgaLg, cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ klg u+eL/tfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o kf6L{n] u/]sf] xf] . ljifosf] u+eL/tf tyf k6gfdf lu/km\tf/ x'g' ePsf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x?sf] lnlvt / df}lvs l/kf]6{sf cfwf/df s=;'lgndfly ;d]t k|Zg p7fPsfn] o:tf] ;+j]bglzn dfldnfdf 5fglag gx'“bf;Dd -a'h'{jf sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] k5fl8 gnflu_ g}ltstfsf cfwf/df kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj s=;'lgnnfO{ PrSo"n] dfq geP/ s=nfnWjh;d]t :yfoL ;ldltn] ;fd'lxs?kdf lbPsf] xf] . s=;'lgnn] /fhLgfdf lbO;s] kl5 l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] To;nfO{ cg'df]bg;d]t u/]sf] s'/f :ki6} 5 .

t/, clxn] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ g} gcfpb} aLr}df s=nfnWjhn] ljifonfO{ lgs} pQ]hs :j?k k|bfg ug]{ sz/t ug'{ ePsf] 5 . a'“bfsf] ;'?d} jxf“n] æ36gfdf ;+nUgtfsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ k'li6 geO o;/L sf/jfxL -/fhLgfdf ug{ afWofTds lgb]{zg PrSo"n] lbg' Ps k|sf/sf] sf/jfxL g} xf]_ eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ æolt ljifoÆ sfg'gL ts{ ug{ ;Sg] lj4fg sd/]8n] :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ePsf] k6s–k6ssf] 5nkmndf / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf /fhLgfdfsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;dy{g ug'{sf] /xio jxf“n] kqsf] cGtdf eg] em}+ æpbf/tfj;Æ dfq xf] eGg] s'/f cfkm}df lgs} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . dfly s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ljifodf rrf{ ul/P em}+ Tof] jxf“sf] pbf/tfa; geP/ s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lg0f{odf /x]sf] e|da; ;r]t?kn] ul/Psf] df}gtf lyof] eGg] s'/f oxf“ cfP/ emg 5n{¨ ePsf] 5 .

ef/tdf ePsf >[+vnfa4 / /xiodo k|s[ltsf lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfx?n] kf6L{ / hg;d'bfodf 7"nf] t/¨ / lrGtf k}bf u/]sf] s'/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . tL 36gfx?af/] kf6L{ leq / aflx/ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf lh1f;fx? x'g' lgtfGt :jefljs 5 . kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] cg';Gwfg ;DalGw cflwsfl/s lg0f{o s] xf] / a}7s kl5sf] klxnf] If]qLo k|lzIf0fdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf tkm{af6 ljifonfO{ s;/L k|:t"t ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f klg s=nfnWjhnfO{ /fd|f];“u yfxf 5 . s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonufot l;+uf] kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] dgzfo s=;'lgnnufot s;}nfO{ klg lg/fwf/ cf/f]k nufpg] g/x]sf] s'/f olt :ki6 x'“bf x“'b}+ klg clxn] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ gcfp+b} lagf s'g} 7f]; k|efj / cfwf/ cToGt dgf]ut 9+un] æzq'tfk"0f{ ;+3if{Æsf] ævt/gfs ;+s]tÆ eg]/ j:t'tM :jo+ s=nfnWjhn] g} cGt/;+3if{nfO{ zq'tfk"0f{ agfpg] r]i6f ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{nfO{ u+eL/ cf/f]k nufpg] w'gdf jxf“n] kf6L{leq cfkm\gf] u'6jfbL dgzfosf] v'nf;f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . kqdf jxf“n] lgs} hf]8 lbP/ kf6L{ leqsf] Pp6f tKsfsf] xjfnf lb+b} cfkm"nfO{ Tof] slyt tKsfsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsfdf k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . s'g xf] Tof] tKsf / s;n] tKsfnfO{ cf/f]lkt u¥of] <>

of] l:yltdf kf6L{leq Pp6f tKsfsf] s'/f u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] cfkm\gf] u"6jfbL dfgl;stfnfO{ dfq phfu/ ug'{ ePsf] 5}g ckLt" u"6 lgdf{0f ug]{ jxfgfsf] vf]hL ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ s=;'lgnk|lt b]vfOPsf] slyt ;xfg'e"lt / tKsfsf] kIfkf]if0fn] pQm lgisif{afx]s c? s]xL k|dfl0ft x'g ;Qm}g . o;af6 s'g s'/f emg :ki6 x'g cfp5 eg] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] xd]zf lj/f]w ug'{sf k5fl8sf] jxf“sf] tfTko{ ;dfgfGt/ x]8Sjf6{/sf?kdf k|:t"t x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{ kf6L{ s]Gb|n] cGt ul/ lbof] ta jxf“ tKsfsf] g]tf aGg] tfgfafgf h'6fpb} x'g' x'G5 . h'g s'/f cfkm}df u+eL/ b[li6sf]0fsf] k|df0f dfq xf] .

3= kqsf] rf}yf] a+'bfdf jxf“ cfkm}n] s]Gb|Lo :s"ln¨ ljefu / k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefudf cfkm\gf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo g/x]sf] 7x/ u/]/ kqs} ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] ul/ /fhLgfdf lbg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{ s]Gb|n] tL ljefux?df jxf“sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo b]v]/ g} lgo'Qm u/]sf] tyf ltgsf k|yd a}7sx? jxf“ ;d]t pkl:yt eP/ ;DkGg ul/Psf] k[i7e"lddf clxn] aLrdf cfP/ cfkm\g} JolQmut lg0f{on] /fhLgfdf lbg] s'/fn] ;d]t jxf“sf] JolQmjfbL lrGtg / c/fhstfjfbL sfo{z}nLnfO{ dfq JoQm ub{5g\ .

s=nfnWjhsf] kqsf] pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 ls ljrf/, ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{sf ;a} b[li6n] jxf“ u+eL/ ljrnglt/ cufl8 al9 /xg' ePsf] 5 . dxfg hgo'4n] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] ;+j]bglzn P]ltxfl;s df]8df cfP/ kf6L{ x]8Sjf6{/, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / o;sf lg0f{ox?sf lj?4 xdnf u/]/ oyfy{df jxf“n] kf6L{, qmflGt, dxfg zlxbx? / qmflGtsf/L hgtfdfly g} xdnf ug{ k'Ug' ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] u+eL/ ljrngsf k5fl8 jxf“df ljBdfg r/d cfTds]Gb|Lt JolQmjfbn] sfd u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfp+5 .

s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf kq btf{ u/fO;s] kl5sf s=nfnWjhsf lgDg s[ofsnfkx?n] kf6L{ cGt/;+3if{nfO{ ju{–;+3if{sf] zq'tfk"0f{ :j?k lbg] vt/f pTkGg x'+b} uPsf] 5 .

s= kf6L{ x]8Sjf6{/sf lj?4 ;dfgfGt/ x]8Sjf6{/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfd . pNn]lvt kq, …cGt/–kf6L{ 5nkmnsf d"ne't ljifox?Ú / ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf lkmtf{ lnOPsf] tyf clen]vsf?kdf dfq s]=sf=df /fVg] elgPsf] /fhLgfdf kq x]8Sjf6{/nfO{ hfgsf/L ;d]t glbO{ cfkm}n] ljt/0f ug]{ tyf hf] e]6\of] p ;+u To;sf] JofVof ug]{ sfd u/]/ kf6L{sf] Go"gtd cg'zf;g / d"No–dfGotfnfO{ k'/} nTofpg] sfd s=nfnWjhn] ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

v= kf6L{ leqsf] cGt/lj/f]w tyf kf6L{sf :yflkt d"No–dfGotfsf lj?4 ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbP/ s=nfnWjhn] u'6 :jtGqtfsf] dfu ug]{ ljutdf kf6L{af6 lgisfl;t blIf0fk+yL la;{hgjfbLsf] kblrGxnfO{ k5\ofO/xg' ePsf] 5 . ?;L s=kf=sf] bzf}+ dxflwj]zgdf kf6L{leq u"6jfbsf] cGTo ug]{ ljrf/sf k|:tfjs dxfg\ n]lggnfO{ ;d]t k|sf/fGt/n] cfIf]k nufpb} s=nfnWjhn] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ zq'tfk"0f{ :j?k lbg] k|oTgdfq ug'{ ePsf] 5}g ckLt" cfkm\gf] ax'njfbL / la;{hgjfbL lrGtgnfO{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

u= kf6L{sf lj?4 k|ToIf jf k/f]If?kdf cfkm\gf ts{x?nfO{ ljut ( jif{b]lv b]zL, ljb]zL k|lts[ofjfbL Pj+ ;+zf]wgjfbLx?n] nufp+b} cfPsf kmt"/ cf/f]k ldnfP/ s=nfnWjhn] cGttM cfkm\gf] j'h'{jf ju{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ g} JoQm ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

3= æcGt/kf6L{ 5nkmnsf d"ne"t ljifox?Æ lzif{s lbP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] !# a'+b] cfn]v dfkm{t s=nfnWjhn] lgDg s'/fsf] k|bz{g ug'{ ePsf] 5 M

s_ tYox?sf] tf]8df]8 / lg0f{o eO;s]sf jf ;xh lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] ljifonfO{ ;d]t u+eL/ j}rfl/s hfdf klx/fP/ u"6 / km"6sf lgldQ anhkm\tL cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ s;/t ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

v_ lrgsf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf qmddf b]lvPsf] ;+zf]wgjfbsf] gof“ ljz]iftf ;sf/fTds / qmflGtsf/L ts{x?sf] pkof]u cfkm\gf] gsf/fTds / cj;/jfbL p4]Zo kl/k'lt{sf lgldQ ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ cfn]vdf /fd|f];“u k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

u_ kf6L{ / hgo'4n] ljsf; u/]sf ;a} ;sf/fTds pknlAwx?nfO{ cfkm\g} JolQmut emf]nLdf xfNg] tyf sdL sdhf]/L hlt ;a} csf{sf] yfKnf]df af]sfpg] cToGt lgDg :t/sf] tl/sf cfn]vdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

3_ cfn]vdfkm{t cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ ljrf/ssf] bhf{ lbP/ rf}tkmL{ pkb]z lbg] j'h'{jf JolQmjfbL jf}l4s bDesf] k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 .

ª_ ;}4flGts 1fgsf] dxTj bzf{pg] gfddf cfn]vdf oqtq ;}4flGts 1fgsf] c;nL s;L qmflGtsf/L Jofjxf/nfO{ 3f]/ cjd"Nog ug]{ tyf qmflGtsf/L g]tf, sfo{stf{ / hgtf cem d'VotM hgd'lQm ;]gfdfly c1fgtfsf] cf/f]k nufpg] j'h'{jf jf}l4s cx+sf/sf] k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 .

r= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf Psdt4f/f lnOPsf] qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0f / k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ If0fdf u"6 / km"6jfbL s[ofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ s=nfnWjh k|sf/fGt/n] ;fd|fHojfb, lj:tf/jfb / zfxL ;}lgs kmf;LjfbnfO{ d4t k'¥ofpg] cToGt 3fts lbzfdf cufl8 al9/xg' ePsf] tYodfq b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm tYox?n] s'g s'/f :ki6 ub{5g\ eg] s=nfnWjhsf] hLjg bz{g dfn]dfjfbL ;j{xf/fjfb4f/f eGbf cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ of]Uo ljrf/s 7fGg] dgf]ut af}l4s bDe / of]Uon] /fh ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] lgT;]sf] r/d JolQmjfbL bz{g4f/f a9L lgb]{lzt /x]sf] b]vf kb{5 .

olb s=nfnWjhn] o; k|sf/sf] ljrngnfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s ;Rrfpg] tyf kf6L{, qmflGt / hg;d'bfonfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ ;j{xf/fjfbL b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg ;Sg' ePg eg] cGttM jxf“ j}rfl/s?kn] JolQmjfbL c/fhstfjfbsf?kdf JoQm x'g] j'h'{jf cfbz{jfb, /fhg}lts?kn] blIf0fk+yL cfTd;dk{0fjfb / ;f+u7lgs?kn] lj;{hgjfbsf] lzsf/ aGg k'Ug] s'/f lglZrt 5 . kf6L{ rfxfG5 ls s=nfnWjh cfkm\gf uNtL sdhf]/Lk|lt lgd{d x'+b} cfkm}nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf nfUg' x'g] 5 . ;f] k|lqmofdf cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ kf6L{ xd]zf tof/ /xg] 5 .

s= nfnWjhn] s]Gb|Lo x]8Sjf6{/df a'emfpg'ePsf kqx?–

!=

>4]o cWoIf s=k|r08,

g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_,

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .

lk|o sd/]8,

xfd|f] dxfg kf6L{sf]xfn} ;DkGg s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7ssf] bf}/fg / To;kl5 b]vf k/]sf] cGt/;+3if{sf] c;xh / u+eL/ kl/l:yltaf/] sd/]8;+u oxL sflt{s @# ut] ;fdfGo 5nkmn ePsf] / lgs6 eljiodf c? s'/fsfgL ug]{ ;xdtL ePsfn] To; qmddf g} ;a} ;d:ofx?Aff/] 5nkmn / cfjZos lg0f{o jf ;dembf/L x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . tTsfn s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 cfjZos kxnsf] ck]Iff;lxt s]xL ljifox?df cfkm\gf] dt bh{ ug{ tyf cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fpg u}/x]sf] 5' .

!= ut ;L=;L= a}7sdf xfd|f] dxfg hgo'4sf] p+rfOsf] ljkl/t / df–n]–dfjfb / k|r08kyn] ljsf; u/]sf] b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngsf dfGotf / ljlw ljkl/t h'g cToGt} c:j:y, c;}4flGts / u'6jfbL9+un] cGt/;+3if{ ;+rfng eof] To;sf] ljljw9+un] a}7sdf g} sltko sd/]8x? / d :jo+4f/f k|ltjfb ePsf] xf] . km]l/ klg ju{;+3if{sf sltko tfTsfnLg h6Lntfx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ clxn] cGt/;+3if{nfO{ ;fdfGo9+un] Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' g} pko'Qm x'g] 7fg]/ sltko cToGt} u+eL/ / cfklQhgs s'/fx?af/] klg ;+oldt / df}g /xg] ;xdtL ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] afjh'b a}7ssf] ;dflKtkl5 sltko j[Qdf cGt/;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y9+un] n}hfg], :jLs[t ljlw / dfGotfsf] pNn+3g ug]{, lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x?af/] e|d lkm+hfpg] cflb kf6L{ / qmflGtsf] lxt ljkl/t sfo{ e}/x]sf] a'lemPsf]n] To;af/] u+eL/ cfklQ hgfp+b} s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 To;nfO{ t'?Gt lgoGq0f ul/of];\ eGg] dfu ub{5' . ;fy} sltko ljifox?df x'g;Sg] j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts dte]bx?nfO{ :j:y b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{sf] ?kdf Jojl:yt ug{ ;L=;L= a}7sn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzg oyflz3| z'? ug{ xflb{s cfu|x ub{5' .

@= kf6L{ leq hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf / ;dfhdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj -jf hgjfb_ tyf lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ;xL ;+rfng / k|of]u g} ;dsflng /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf ;aeGbf HjnGt / dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{ leq ljz]if rrf{sf] ljifo /xg] u/]sf] g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|Zg To;}sf] Pp6f c+lus / d"t{ k|Zg xf] . oL ljifox?Dff b]vf k/]sf blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfbL / h8;'qLo ;+zf]wgjfbL ljrngsf lj?4 tLj| / eLif0f ;+3if{ rnfp+b} xfd|f] kf6L{n] d"ntM bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o ;Dd]ngkl5 / ut @)^) h]7df kfl/t PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;sf] k|Zg ;DalGw k|:tfj;Dd cfOk'Ubf j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts / ;f+u7lgs b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; u/]sf] xf] / xfd|f] cfGbf]ngdf ljsl;t ljlzi6 ljrf/>[+vnf …k|r08kyÚ sf] Pp6f d'Vo ;f/tTjklg Tolx xf] . To;sf] d"n dd{ / k|jfx ljkl/t o; k6ssf] ;L=;L=a}7sdf o;af/] h'g k|:t'tL / 5nkmn cfd?kdf eof] To;n] kf6L{nfO{ k"gM bf];|f] /fli6«o /fli6«o ;Dd]ng eGbf k5fl8 ws]Ng vf]h]sf] / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+eL/ Iflt k'¥ofpg nfu]sf] cg'e'lt ;Dk"0f{ OdfGbf/ qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ a}7ss} bf}/fgdf ePsf] xf] . o;af/] d}n} cfkm\gf] dt 7f]; ?kdf :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7s / ;fdfGo?kdf ;L=;L= a}7sdf klg /fv]sf] x'+ . k/Gt' o;af/] lzif{:y g]t[Tjk+lQmdf g} u+eL/ dte]b / cfz+sf a9]sf] b]lvPkl5 d'VotM d]/f] /fhLgfdf k|s/0f kZrft\ cgf}krfl/s?kdf a}7s xn aflx/ ePsf] s=cWoIf;+usf] a;fOdf kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df ;j{xf/fju{sf] PsLs[t tyf s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ ljifodf clxn] ;fdfGo ;}4flGts ;xdltdfq u/]/ hfg] / To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o kl5 ug]{ eGg] ;dembf/L cg'?k xfdL b'a}af6 ;f]xL 9+un] k|:t'tL a}7sdf ePsf] xf] . To;sf] ljkl/t ;L=;L= a}7ssf lg0f{ox? dfOGo"l68 ug]{ qmddf 4}w cy{ nfUg ;Sg] ul/ clxn] g} kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj sfod ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] 9+un] n]lvg uPsf] / To;af/] tn;Dd cnu cnu9+un] JofVof ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] eGg] s'/f xfn} dfq d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . olb To;f] xf] eg] a}7ssf] dfOGo"l6ª 7Ls;+u ;'Gg], x]g]{ / a'em\g] sfo{df daf6 x'g uPsf] c;fjwfgLk|lt cfTdfnf]lrt x'+b} ;f] lg0f{ok|lt cfkm\gf] c;xdlt k|s6 ub{5' / s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodfkm{t cfkm\gf] …gf]6 ckm l8;]G6Ú bh{ ug{ rfxfG5' . lsgls clxn] kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ s'/f bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng4f/f ;+Zn]lift ljrf/ / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfjsf] efjgf / l:kl/6 ljkl/t 5+b}5, To;sf] ;fy} clxn] g} To;f] ug'{kg]{ s'g} ljlzi6 l:ylt klg l;h{gf ePsf] 5}g / tTsfn To;f] u/]/ hf+bf cfGbf]ngdf yk e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f l;jfo c? s]xL klg xft nfUg] b]lvGg . a? o;n] df–n]–dfjfbsf tLgj6} ;+36s c+udf yk ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ;j{xf/fjuL{o sfo{ef/ / gof“ 9+un] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ kf6L{sf] cleofgnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fgL dfq k'¥ofpg] 5 / kf6L{k|lt b]z / ljZjs} 7"nf] hg;d'bfosf] cfsif{0fnfO{ w'ldn kfg]{ sfd dfq ug]{5 . /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ o;f] ug'{ k/]sf] jf ;a}lt/ Ps} JolQmsf] g]t[Tj sfod gePdf b'Zdgn] v]Ng] df}sf kfp+5, cflb h:tf s]xL j[Qdf cl3 ;fg]{ ul/Psf ts{x? cToGt} xNsf, s]6f}n] / c;}4flGts k|s[ltsf 5g\, lsgls /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf s'g} a]nf hfg} kg]{ s'/f bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng / hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ a]nfdf klg kf6L{ leq ;a}nfO{ yfxf lyof] / Psn g]t[Tj x'+b}df b'Zdgn] rnv]n ug{ g;Sg] h:tf ts{nfO{ c? tGsfp+b} hfg] xf] eg] ;j{xf/fjuL{o kf6L{sf] ;fj{ef}d sldl6 k|0ffnL / ;fd'lxs g]t[Tj k|0ffnLnfO{ g} ltnf~hnL lbg' kg]{ x'G5, h'g slt ljrngk"0f{ / 3fts x'G5 :jt+M :ki6 5 . To;}n] oxf+ s;}n] OR5f, cfsf+Iff, lgot jf cfu|x k"jf{u|xnfO{ eGbf klg ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] lj1fg / lxtnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ / ljutsf eLif0f qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf cg'ejx?sf] cfnf]sdf xfd|f] dxfg kf6L{n] d"ntM bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng kZrft\ ;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] / ljsf; ub}{ u}/x]sf] df–n]–dfjfb / k|r08kysf] ljrf/>[+vnfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{k+lQmn] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ljrf/ / ljlw;+u ;DalGwt o; cxd\ k|ZgnfO{ xn ug]{ k|oTg ug]{5 eGg] ck]Iff ub{5' . d}n] ;L=;L=sf] a}7ssf] bf}/fgdf g} df]rf{sf] ;+of]hssf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO;s]sf] / ;f] :yfgdf s'g} pko'Qm t];|f] JolQmnfO{ /flvof];\ eGg] k|:tfj /flv;s]sfn] o;af/] s'g} If'b| JolQmut 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ / uxg\ j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|ZgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|oTg st}af6 x'g]5}g eGg] ljZjf; klg lnPsf] 5' .

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– cWoIf s= k|r08sf] kmf]6f] dfS;{, P¿]N;, n]lgg, :6flng / dfcf]sf] ;dsIf jf xf/fxf/Ldf /fVg' slQsf] pko'Qm xf] < s=" k|r08">

v_ cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbnfO{, b}tjfb≈jx'tTjjfb / ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbnfO{ a'em\g] / cfTd;ft\ ug]{ k|Zg M

ef}lts hut\ / ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf; ;+aGwL cfwf/e't bfz{lgs / j}1fgLs k|:yfkgx?nfO{ a'em\g] / cfTd;ft\ ug]{ jf/] kf6L{ g]t[Tj k+lQmdf JoQm jf cJoQm cGt/ nfdf] ;do b]lv b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ ;dfh / kf6L{ ;+u7g leqsf cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a'em\g] / ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf vf;u/L cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfb (Idealist monism) ,2}tjfb (Dualism) , ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfb (Materialist Monism) ;+jGwLt a'emfO / k|of]udf ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sDo'lgi6x?n] bfz{lgs ?kdf 2}tjfb jf jx'tTjjfbsf] xf]Og, PsTjjfbsf] g} kIfkf]z0f ub{5g\ jf ug'{ kb{5 . t/ qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6x?n] cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfb, h;sf] j}rfl/s– ;f+:s[lts cleJolQm Ps]Zj/jfb / /fhg}lts cleJolQm Psdgfjfb (Monolithism) x'G5, sf] xf]Og, ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfb, h;sf] j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts cleJolQm 4GbfTds ef}ltsjfb - jf ljk/ltx?sf] PsTj_ x'G5, sf] cg'z/0f ub{5g\ . k/Gt' xfd|f] g]t[Tjsf sltko lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?n] ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf] ;ºf cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbsf] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ kIfkf]z0f ug]{ u/]sf] / e}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf kIfw/x?nfO{ σ}tjfbL , h;sf] /fhg}lts cleJolQm ax'njfbL ( Pluralism) x'G5 eg]/ abgfd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L ljkl/tx?sf] PsTj Pssf] b'O{df ljefhgsf] ef}ltsjfbL 4Gbjfbsf] cfwf/e"t lgodnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbg] jf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQn] kf6L{leq / afxL/sf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a'em\g] / xn ug]{ ljifodf 7"nf] ;d:of k}bf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] xn v'nf / :ki6 j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf] tl/sfn] ug{ h?/L 5 . kf6L{ leq x's{b} uO/x]sf] JolQm k""hfjfbL lrGtgsf] bfz{lgs >f]t cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbdf ePsfn] o;nfO{ j]n}df lr/kmf/ u/]/ lg/fs/0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;fdGtL jf gf]s/zfxL k""hLjfbL bfz{lgs cfwf/ / cfbz{jfbL PstTjjfbsf] lj/f]wsf] cy{ jf ljsNk k""hLjfbL ax'njfbsf] kIfkf]if0f geP/ ;j{xf/fjfbL ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf] cfTd;ftLs/0f xf] eg]/ a'em\g' klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

u_ cfjZostf -afWotf_ / :jtGqtf -d'lQm_sf] ;+;f/nfO{ a'em\g] k|Zg M

– cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/af6 :jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/df k'Ug] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf] d"n ceLi6 xf] . cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/ eg]sf] ju{ ljefhLt ;dfhsf ;Ldf / afWotfn] el/Psf] ;+;f/ xf] . cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ;+zf]wfgjfbL / cj;/jfbLx?sf] d"n ljz]iftf tTsfnLg cfjZostfsf] a9f"O–r9f"O ug'{ jf cfbzL{{s/0f ug'{ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/ jf ;fDojfbL ;+;f/ tkm{sf] ofqfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f jf lgif]w ug'{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . h:tf] ls jg{:6Lgn] eGg] ub{Yof] …cfGbf]ng ;a} yf]s xf], nIo s]xL xf]OgÚ / sfpT;sLn] eGg] ub{Yof] …lj1fgsf] ;fOgf] cfjZostfsf] 1fg;+u dfq x'G5 .Ú xfd|f] kf6L{sf sltko g]tfx?n] klg hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ cfjZostfsf] b'lgof“nfO{ a9f“Or9f“O ug]{ / :jtGqtfsf] b'lgof“nfO{ e|i6Ls/0f jf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . cfd sfo{stf{x?df …cfjZostfÚ / …:jtGqtfÚ sf] kl/efiff g} ljs[t 9+un] k]; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ cfkm\gf ;a} sdhf]/L / ljs[ltx?nfO{ …cfjZostfÚsf] cfj/0fn] 9fs5f]k ug]{ / :jtGqtf jf d'lQmsf] b'lgof“ tkm{sf] dxTj tyf nfdf] ofqfnfO{ c/fhstfjfbsf] ljNnf nufP/ k|tfl8t ug]{ jf cf]em]ndf kfg]{ vt/gfs k|j[lQ a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] …cfjZostfÚ / …:jtGqtfÚsf] ;xL tyf j}1flgs kl/efiff / a'emfO :yflkt ug{ o;af/] kf6L{ leq u+le/ ax;–5nkmnsf] h?/L 5 .

–sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] d'Vo klxrfg / bfloTj ljwdfg cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/nfO{ l7s 9+un] a'em]/ / abn]/ …:jtGqtfÚsf] ;+;f/ tkm{sf] dfu{ bz{g ug'{ xf] . ;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbLx?n] cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/df g} 6f+l;O/xg] gLlt cg';/0f u/]sfn] dfcf]n] P+u]N;sf] …cfjZostfnfO{ a'em\g] g} :jtGqtf xf]Ú eGg] egfO{nfO{ yk kl/dfh{g / ljsf; ub}{ …:jtGqtf eg]sf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'em\g' / cfjZostfnfO{ abNg' xf]Ú eGg' ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] kf6L{ leq clxn] klg dfcf]jfbL p4/0f / egfOsf] d"n :kLl/6nfO{ aª\ufP/ …cfjZostfÚ dfly dfq PsklIfo hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . kf6L{sf cflwsf/Ls j}7s / e]nfsf] qmddf 6f“l;g] Aofg/x?df dfcf]sf] p4/0fnfO{ ck"0f{ jf ljs[t 9+un] k|:t't ul/bf klg pRr g]t[Tjaf6 To;sf] s'g} k|ltsf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOGg . o;jf/] kf6L{ leq u+le/ jx;sf] cfjZostf 5 . lsgls of] cd"t{ zf:qLo 5nkmnsf] ljifo geP/ kf6L{sf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cfr/0f tyf z}nL lgwf{/0f ug]{ w]/} dxTjsf] a}rfl/s k|Zg xf] .

3_ cg'ejjfb, h8;"qjfb / ;f/;+u|xjfb af/]M

xfd|f] kf6L{leq 1fgl;4fGtsf] b'O{ 5nfª\sf] l;4fGt cyf{t\ Jojxf/af6 1fg / 1fgaf6 k'gM qmflGtsf/L Jojxf/nfO{ 7Ls;+u cfTd;ft\ u/]/ nfu" ug'{ eGbf cfkm\gf] :jfy{ cg'?k slxn] cg'ejjfbL / slxn] h8;"qjfbL aGg] / l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] ;xL ;+of]hgdf Wofg glbg] vt/gfs k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf oL b'a} Psf¬\uL / clwe"wjfbL k|j[lt Ps–csf{sf k"/s / ;xof]uL x'g] ub{5g\ . ;fy} oL b'a}sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] ;f/;+u|xjfb (Eclecticism) emg\ 3fts / vt/gfs x'G5 . To;}n] o;af/] u+le/ j}rfl/s–;+3if{sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ;}4flGts 1fgsf] dxTjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / c1fgtfnfO{ cfbzL{s/0f ug]{ k|j[lQn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+le/ Iflt k'/fpg ;Sg] vt/f ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .

@= /fhg}lts / kmf}hL k|Zg

;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ;+of]hgsf] k|ZgM

–dxfg\ lrlgof“ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt / s= dfcf]sf] b]xfGt kl5 cGt/f{li6«o qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ / k]lrnf] /fhg}lts k|Zg ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGTfsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|Zg g} /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj g} kl/Tofu ug]{ v'|:rf]ek+yL blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfbLx? cs}{ lsQfdf kg]{ ePsfn] pgLx?;+usf] ;+3if{ tTsfn xfd|f] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf]Og . qmflGtsf/L lsQf leq d'Vo ;d:of ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGtu{t lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|ZgnfO{ pk]Iff jf Go"gls/0f ug]{ tyf ;j{xf/f clwgfoTjsf] k'/fg} df]8]n -ljwL_df dfq 6"fl;O/xg vf]Hg] xf]Shfk+yL h8;"lqo ;+zf]wgjfbL k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . k|sf/fGt/n] dfn]dfjfbsf] /IFf, k|of]u / ljsf;sf] k|Zg o;} ljifo;+u ulx/f];+u hf]l8Psf] 5 / o;af/] kf6L{leq u+eL/ ax;–5nkmnsf] cfjZostf 5 .

–;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|Zg kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf] cGt/;+aGw;+u cleGg ?kn] uf"l;g k'u]sf] 5 . To;}nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] bf];|f] P]ltxf;ls /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf ;fdfGo ?kdf / @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;+jGwL k|:tfjdf 7f]; ?kdf of] k|ZgnfO{ p7fPsf] lyof] . vf;u/L kf6L{sf] lg/Gt/ ;j{xf/fs/0f ug]{ / kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfdfly hg;d'bfosf] lgu/fgL, lgo+Gq0f / x:tIf]k ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" ug{ tyf lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] af6f] x'“b} ;fDojfb;Dd k'Ug kf6L{, ;]gf / ;QfnfO{ ljutsf ;dfhjfbL df]8]ndf em}+ Ps} 7f“pdf 5\of;ld; gug]{ nufotsf h'g ljrf/ / ljlw ljsl;t ul/Psf] lyof], To;nfO{ xfn}sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] j}7sn] pN6fpg vf]h]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . To;}n] of] cx+ k|Zgdf kf6L{ leq u+eL/ ax;–5nkmn h?/L ePsf] 5 .

r_ /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|ZgM

hgjfb / /fli6«otfsf] k|ZgnfO{ 7Ls 9+un] ;+of]hg ub}{ b]z leq / afxL/sf juL{o tyf /fhg}lts cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;xL 9+un] kl/rfng ub}{ /0fgLlts b[9tf / sfo{gLlts nrstfsf] gLlt cg';/0f u/]/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] clxn];Dd qmflGtsf/L hgo'4sf] ;kmn g]t[Tj ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ sltko lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?df ;d;fdlos ;fd|fHojfbL ljZjdf ;fdGtjfb / xfd|f] ;Gbe{df d"ntM /fhtGq / ;fdf|Hojfb–lj:tf/jfb larsf] ;+aGwnfO{ a'em\g] ;Gbe{df ePsf q"l6k'0f{ ;f]rfOx? / d"n g]t[Tjdf b]lvg] u/]sf 9'nd'nkgfsf] sf/0fn] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf >[vnf ldnfpg] qmddf sltko ;d:ofx? b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . kmn:j?k ljleGg ?kdf k+rfot sfndf em}+ /fhtGq / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? / ltgLx?sf ljb]zL dflnsx?nfO{ x]g]{ ljifodf unt ;f]rfOx? b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L b/af/ xTofsf08 kl5sf] bnfn / gSsnL /fhtGqnfO{ x]g]{ ljifodf sltko ;d:of /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;b\jfbL zlQmx?;+u 5'º} ;z:q ;]gf gePsf] / afxLl/ b'Zdg zlQmx? / vf;u/L ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] k|ToIf ;}lgs x:tIf]k gul/;s]sf] l:yltdf zfxL;]gfsf] an / ;fd|fHojfbL–lj:tf/jfbL zlQmx?sf] cf8df l6s]sf] /fhtGq;+u g} qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] k|d'v cGt/lj/f]w /xg] ;Lwf / ;kf6 s'/fdf klg obfstf c:ki6tf / 9'nd'nkgf b]vfkg'{ lrGthgs ljifo xf] . xfd|f] qmflGtsf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6tfdf hGd]sf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf] pkr/0fsf] k|Zg / nf]stfGqLs u0ftGqsf] sfo{gLltaf/] cndndf k/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg' / /fhtGqk|lt cfzfsf] gh/n] x]/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg' ;f]egLo / ;xL s'/f x'g ;Qm}g . To;}n] gof“ hgjfbL qmflGtsf] jt{dfg r/0f / g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfdf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|Zgjf/] kf6L{df 5nkmn cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

5_ /fhg}lts / kmf}hL sfo{lbzfsf] ;+of]hgsf] k|Zg M

– PsLs[t kf6L{ ag]b]lv g} /fhgLlt / kmf}hL sfo{lbzfsf] plrt ;+of]hg jf ljrf/ / jGb"ssf] ;+of]hg cyjf hglbzf / hgo'4sf] ;+of]hg ldnfpg ;Sg'g} xfd|f] kf6L{ / qmflGTfsf] d"n klxrfg /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . k/Gt' sltko cj:yfdf /fhg}lts / kmf}hL sfo{lbzffsf] ;Gt'ng gldn]sf] , b]j|] jf bflxg] e8|sfjlt/ em's]/ Pp6f jf csf]{ kIfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ u/]sf] ;+s]t b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t kmf}hL–/fhgLlts (Politico- Military) lrGtg ljsf; ug'{ ;ºf Psf¬\uL ;'wf/jfbL jf kmf}hLjfbL lrGtg xfjL x'g vf]h]sf] / Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ lgif]w jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] b]vf kb{5 . o;af/] qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL lrGtg / Jojxf/ :yflkt ug{ :j:y cGt/;+3if{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

– cfd ?kdf qmflGtsf/L hglbzf nfu" ug]{ / 7f]; ?kdf kf6L{ / hgd'bfo aLrdf k'nsf] sfd ug]{ ljleGg h=j=;= / df]rf{x?sf] qmflGtsf/L lqmofzLntf phfu/ ug]{ ljifodf kf6L{leq ;d:of b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;af/] klg l;4fGtlgi6 j:t'jfbL 5nkmn–jx; cfjZos 5 .

#= ;+u7gfTds k|ZgM

h_ hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] ;xL cEof;sf] k|ZgM

n]lggsf] ;'k|l;4 egfO µ –cfnf]rgf–5nkmnsf] :jtGqtf / sfd–sf/jfxLdf Ps ?ktfÚ / dfcf]sf] egfO …hgjfbsf] hudf s]Gb|Lotf / s]Gb|Lotfsf] dfu{lgb]{zgdf hgjfbÚnfO{ kf6L{ leq cEof; ug{ g;Sg' u+eL/ ;d:of /xg] u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k cfkm" g]t[Tjdf g/x“bf c/fhstfjfbL aGg] / g]t[Tjdf k'u]kl5 gf]s/zfxL aGg] cfd k|j[lQ h:t} alg/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ljleGg txsf] g]t[Tjdf /xg]x?n] cfkm\gf] clnslt klg cfnf]rgf ug]{nfO{ c/fhstfjfbLsf] ljNnf nufP/ b'Tsfg]{ / kf6L{leq ;j{xf/fjfbL cg'zf;g / :j]lR5s s]Gb|Lotf -n]lgg_ sf] ;ºf kfv08kgf, bAj"kg, / cfd c/fhstfsf] l:ylt JofKt x'g] jftfj/0f alg/x]sf] 5 . h'g xfd|f] h:tf] lhjg / d/0fsf] o'4 nl8/x]sf] kf6L{sf] lglDt slt 3fts 5 :jtM l;4 5 . To;}n] n]lggkl5 6'6]sf] ;Rrf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] s8LnfO{ hf]8]/ lrlgof“ dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtn] ljsl;t u/]sf gof“ d"No / dfGotfx?af6 cl3 a9\b} gof“ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug{ kf6L{ leq :j:y cGt/;+3if{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

em_ g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|ZgM

kf6L{df hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf / ;Qfdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] d't{ cleJolQm g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|Zgjf/] xfd|f] kf6L{df nfdf] ;dob]lv Ps k|sf/sf] zlto'4 h:t} rNb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cfvL/ ;Rrf ;j{xf/fjfbL g]t[Tj k|0ffnL s:tf] x'g' kb{5 <>

`_ kf6L{ Oltxf;sf] d"Nof+sgsf] k|Zg

bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s /f=;=n] ljutsf kf6L{ ljefhg, Pstf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] ;dLIff u/]/ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ s'g} Ps k"j{ ;d"xsf] ljsfl;t jf kl/dflh{t ?k gePsf] t/ @))^ ;fn b]lvsf ;a} qmflGtsf/L wf/, pkwf/x?sf] ;jf]{Rr ;+Zn]if0f ePsf] / Tof] lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf] d"Nofs+g u/]sf] lyof] . t/ 7f]; Jojxf/df cfh klg kf6L{ leq s'g} k|Zg p7\bf ljrf/ / /fhgLltnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ ;To / tYodf cfwfl/t eP/ eGbf klg k'/fg} u'6–pku'6sf] cfwf/df lsQfjGbL x'g] h'g kl/kf6L ljBdfg 5, To;n] of] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ xf] eGg] k6Ss} cfefif lbg ;sL/x]sf] 5}g . ;fy} sltkon] k'/fgf] u'6sf] cf8 lnP/ cfkm\gf] sdhf/L n'sfpg], kb, ;'v ;'ljwfdf df]ntf]n ug]{ cflb u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cfkm\gf] u'6nfO{ alnof] kfg{ gof“ hGdsf g]tf / sfo{stf{nfO{ ;d]t u'6sf] ;f"rf]df 9fNg] 3[l0ft k|oTg u/L/x]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} 7"nf] k"j{u'6af6 cfpg]x?df b+e / ;fgf]af6 cfpg]x?df lxgtfaf]w / c;'/Iffsf] efjgf k|:6} b]lvG5 . of] kl/l:ylt sfod /x];Dd kf6L{ cGttM ljsf;lt/ xf]Og ljgf;lt/ hfg] :ki6 5 . o;sf] cGTo u/]/ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t kf6L{sf] lgdf{0f ug{ kf6L{df u+eL/ ax;–5nkmn cGt/;+3if{ clgjfo{ 5 .

6_ b'O{nfOg ;+3if{sf] k|Zg

l;4fGttM # u/ # gu/sf] cfwf/df :j:y b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ rnfpg] elgP klg Jojxf/df cfh kf6L{df cToGt c:j:Yo, unt / cj;/jfbL 9+un] cGt/;+3if{ ;+rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . ljrf/ / /fhgLltdf s]Gb|Lt x'g' ;ºf JolSt / u'6df s]Gb|Lt x'g] , :ki6 / v'nf ;+3if{sf] ljlwsf] ;ºf 5b\d, if8\oGqd"ns AofsjfO{l6ªsf] ljlw ckgfpg], Pstf–;+3if{ ?kfGt/0gsf] nIo /fVg' ;6\6f ls t Pstfb]lv Pstf;Dd ls ;+3if{b]lv km"6;Ddsf] nIo /fVg], ju{;+3if{ / cGt/;+3if{ cGt/;+aGw / ;fk]If :jfoQtf x'g] s'/fnfO{ lj;]{/ Pssf] lj?4 csf]{nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ cflb ;j{yf u}/;j{xf/fjfbL k4lt xfjL 5 . clg kf6L{df hlt dfly uof] plt of] unt k4lt e]l6G5 . o;sf] cGTosf] lglDt :j:y b'O{nfO{g ;+3if{ ;+rfngsf] ljlw cg'z/0f ug'{ cToGt h?/L ePsf] 5 .

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!_ cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a|Dxf08sf ;a} j:t'x?sf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t lgod dfGg] dfcf]jfbL bz{gdf cfwfl/t xfd|f] h:tf] qmflGtsf/L ;j{xf/fjfbL kf6L{df hgqmflGtsf] ljsf; ;+“u;“u} k|s6 eO/xg] gof“–gof“ cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ xn ug{ l;4fGtlgi7 ;+3if{ rNg' s'g} gof“ / cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og . ljut ztfAbLsf eLif0f qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf cg'ejx? / ljz]iftM sd/]8 :6flngsf] kfnfdf kf6L{leq / aflx/sf cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ xn ug{] ;Gbe{df b]vfk/]sf sdLsdhf]/Lx?af6 ;d]t l;Sb} xfd|f] kf6L{n] d'VotM @)%& kmfu'gdf ;DkGg P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng / @)^) h]7df kfl/t æPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/]Æ k|:tfjdfkm{t\ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / hgjfbsf] cEof; ;DaGwL s]xL b"/ufdL dxTjsf k|:tfjgfx? cl3 ;f/]sf] ;a}nfO{ ljlbt} 5 . o;/L dxfg\ n]lggåf/f k|ltkflbt …cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktf…sf] ;j{xf/fjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtsf] k|of]udf obfsbf b]vfk/]sf bflxg] tyf b]j|] ljs[lt / lj;+ultx?nfO{ x6fp“b}= tyf dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf kl5Nnf] cg'ejx?nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ub{} To;nfO{ cem} ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t ug{] k|oTg klg xfd|f] kf6L{n] ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn} bzf}+ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] xfd|f] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] p“rfOaf6 dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] ;fj{ef}d lj1fgsf] /Iff, k|of]u / ljsf; ug{] ;Gbe{df oL / sltko dxTjk"0f{ j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts k|Zgx?df kf6L{leq uxg ax; / 5nkmn ug{' :jfefljs dfq geP/ cTofjZos s'/f xf] . k/Gt', olt dxfg\ / o'ufGtsf/L cEof;sf] ul/df, cf]h / dxTjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / e|i6Ls/0f ub{}{ sltkon] ghfg]/ / sltko cj;/jfbL tyf k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] rflx+ hfgL–hfgL o;nfO{ g]t[Tjsf] 6Ss/ jf If'b| JolQmut lvrftfgLsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ / hg;d'bfodf e|d 5g{] h'g b'ik|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ To;af6 ;fjwfg /xg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ k+lQm / qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfodf xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f}+ . ;fy} xfd|f] kf6L{ / g]t[Tjn] ljsl;t ljrf/ >[+vnfdf k|r08ky / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/]sf] d"n dd{ cg'?k To:tf uxg j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts k|Zgx?dflysf 5nkmnx? / cfGtl/s kf6L{ hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;d]t ub{} hfg]5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t /x“b} k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qflj?4sf] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] of] P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf …cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktfÚsf] n]lggjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ dg, arg / sd{n] b[9tfk"j{s nfu" u/]/ hfg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]4f sd/]8x?df xflb{s cg'/f]w ub5f}+ / xfd|f] cfkm\gf] To;k|ltsf] k"0f{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5f}+ .

@_ …s;nfO{ s] sf] wGbf, 3/HjfO“nfO{ vfgsf] wGbfÚ eg] em}+ qmflGtsf/L hgo'4sf k|To]s df]rf{x?df nHhfhgs xf/ vf“b} uO/x]sf] / ;fdGtL /fhtGqfTds ;Qfsf] clGtd 38L s'l//x]sf] zfxL kmfl;jfbL ;Qfn] xfd|f] kf6L{leqsf] cs{} ;Gbe{sf] pRr j}rfl/s /fhg}lts ax;nfO{ If'b| zflGtjftf{sf] kIf jf ljkIfdf ePsf] / JolQmut ?kn] xfdL slyt zflGt jftf{sf] kIfw/ /x]sf] eGg] ljNs'n skf]slNkt, b'lg{otk"0f{ / xf:of:kbbk"0f{ k|rf/jfhL ul//x]sf] 5 . @)!& ;fnb]lv g} k|hftflGqs / jfdkGyL lsQfaf6 Psfw t'n;L lu/L / s]z/h¨ /fodfemLx?nfO{ rf]/]/ ltg}sf] j}zfvLsf] e/df /fhg}lts cl:tTj wfGb} cfPsf] d/0ff;Gg ;fdGtL tyf bnfn /fhtGqn] df3 !( ut]sf] 36gfkl5 k'gM To:t} u2f/x?sf] lznf vf]hL ug{' s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og . k/Gt' ;a}nfO{ yfxf x'“b} cfPsf] s'/F xf] ls xfd|f] kf6L{n] d'VotM s'Voft gf/fo0fLlx6L xTofsf08kZrft\ of] gSsnL /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfsf] k"0f{ lj36g / ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] k|ZgnfO{ g} cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{g}lts gf/f agfp“b} cfPsf] 5 / clxn] klg xfd|f] kf6L{ To;df b[9 5 . To;/L g} JolQmut ?kn] ;d]t xfdL xd];f ;fdGtL /fhtGq tyf t'n;L lu/L / /fodfemL k|j[lQsf] tLj| lj/f]w / e08fkmf]/sf] sfo{df ljz]if lqmofzLn /x]sf] / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] Go"gtd\ sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmnLe"t kfg{ tlNng /x]sf] s'/f xfd|f ;fj{hlgs n]v / cleJolQmx?af6 ;d]t ;a}nfO{ /fd|/L cjut 5 . o;af6 ltlNdnfPsf] 1fg]Gb|–kf/; xTof/f lu/f]x / To;sf ef6x?n] xfd|f] /fhg}lts rl/q xTof ug{ xfdLnfO{ slxn] …cfTd;dk{0fjfbL wf/sf] gfOsÚ] / slxn] …zflGt jftf{ kIfw/Ú egL cgu{n b'ik|rf/ ug{] u/]sf] s'/f oxf“g]/ ljz]if :d/0fLo 5 . To;}n] xfdL k'gM hf]8 lbP/ eG5f}+ clxn]sf] cfjZostf slyt zflGt jftf{ xf]Og, of] gSsnL /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ ;bfsf] lglDt ;d"n gi6 ug{ ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]lGb|t ug{' xf] . o; l:yltdf d/0ff;Gg zfxL kmfl;jfbLsf] ;Qfsf] uf]ojN; z}nLsf] b':k|rf/sf] e|ddf k6Ss} gkg{ / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfoqmddf uf]naGb eP/ cfGbf]ngdf pqg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]4f sd/]8x?, ;+;bjfbL bnx? / cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f}+ / o; lglDt cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ ;Dk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf ;d]t ljz]if ckLn ub{5f}+ .

#_ xfdLnfO{ dxfg\ hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /flvPsf] b'Zk|rf/ u/]/ xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL hgd'lQm ;]gf / xfdL aLrdf kmf6f] / cljZjf; k}bf ug{] b'Zk|of; klg sltko cj;/jfbLx? / k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfn]dfjfbL j}rfl/s xltof/ / pRr g}lts pTk|]/0ffn] n}; tyf ;+;f/af6 ;a} o'4x?sf] cGt ug{] clGtd o'4 nl8/x]sf xfd|f] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf jL/ of]4fx?dfly To:tf] 3[l0ft / skf]nslNkt cf/f]k nufP/ abgfd ug{ vf]Hg]x?k|lt xfdL tLj| 3[0ff / cfqmf]; JoQm ub{5f}+ / o:tf] kmf]xf]/L v]n / if8\oGq t'?Gt aGb ug{ xfdL tL zfxL hNnfb / ef8fsf 6§'x?nfO{ uDeL/ r]tfjgL lbG5f}+ . ;fy} ljrf/ / aGb'ssf] ;xL ;dfof]hgdf hf]8 lbg'sf] ;§f tL b'O{aLrdf kmf6f] kf/]/ …km'6fp / zf;g u/Úsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL gLlt cg'z/0f ug{ vf]Hg] tTjx?b]lv ;ts{ / ;r]t /xg klg xfd|f hgd'lQm ;]gfsf ;xof]4f sd/]8x? / cfd hg;d'bfodf xfdL ljz]if cfu|x ub{5f}+ . g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf] rf]6L zf]lift, pTkLl8t hgtfsf] k+lQmaf6 / o'4sf] d}bfgaf6 x's]{/ tof/ ePsf] qmflGtsf/L hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] e/kbf{] ;'/Iff 3]/fleq /xg kfp“bf xfdLnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] UnfgL xf]Og c;Ld uf}/j / cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] s'/f klg xfdL ;a}nfO{ cjut u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .

$_ xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf cWoIf s= k|r08 / xfd|f] aLrdf g]t[Tjsf] xf]8afhL / JolQmut b'ZdgL /x]sf] b'Zk|rf/ u/]/ e|d 5g{] k|oTg klg cj;/jfbL tTjx? / zfxL kmf;LjfbL ;Qfx?n] nfdf] ;dob]lv ul//x]5g\ . o;n] pgLx?sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL] juL{o b[li6bf]if, b'lg{ot / cNk1fgsf] emNMsf] dfq lbG5 . Pp6f hLjGt qmflGtsf/L kf6L{leq ;RRff ;j{xf/f juL{o g]t[Tj k|0ffnL cyjf kf6L{ ;]gf / ;Qfdf PsLs[t ;j{xf/f g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ ljlwaf/] ax; / 5nkmn rNg;S5 t/ Toxf“ If'b| JolQmut :jfy{ / g]t[Tj lglDt lvrftfgL x'Gg eGg] s'/f cj;/jfbL / k|ltlqmofjfbLx?n] lsdfy{ a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . To;/L g} sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?n] g]t[TjnfO{ ;fd"lxstfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQmsf] ?kdf plrt cfb/ / ;Ddfg u5{g\ t/ ;jf{]Rr g]t[Tj nufot ;a} txsf] g]t[Tjdf …Pssf] b'O{df ljefhgÚ -cyf{t ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx?sf] of]u_ sf] lgod nfu" x'g] kIfnfO{ slxNo} gsfb}{gg\ eGg] s'/f klg pgLx?n] a'em\g ;Sb}gg . To;}n] cWoIf s= k|r08 / xfd|f]aLrdf s'g} JolQmut s6'tf g/x]sf] / slxNo} g/xg] s'/f klg xfdL k|i6 kfg{ klg rfxG5f}+ .

%_ cGTodf, k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf] if8\oGq / cj;/jfbLx?sf] e|dnfO{ lrb{} …cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfdsf/jfxLdf Ps?ktfÚ sf] n]lggjfbL dfGotf cg'?k xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] qmflGtsf/L PstfnfO{ cIf'0f sfod /fVb} dxfg\ ;z:q hgo'4sf] af6f], /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf / tTsfn nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] Go"gtd sfo{qmddf Pstfa4 eP/ cfGbf]ngdf cu|;/ x'g xfdL ;Dk"0f{ qmflGtsf/L ;xof]4f / cfdhg;d'bfodf xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f]+ . tTsfn cWoIf s= k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf xfd|f] kf6L{n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Go"gtd sfo{qmddf b]zsf ;a} nf]stflGqs /fhg}lts zlQmx? / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;d]tsf] ;xof]u h'6fP/ lg0ff{os cfGbf]ngsf] cf“wLa]x/L ;[hgf ug{ ul/x]sf ;a} kxnx?df xfd|f] ;lqmo ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutf /x]sf] / elj:odf ;d]t /lx/xg] hfgsf/L klg ;DalGwt ;a}df u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .Æ

ef/tdf æg]kfndf nf]stflGqs u0f/fHosf nflu ;+3if{Æ ljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L

ef/t–g]kfn hgP]Soa4tf d+rsf] r}q ^ ut] lbNnLdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] uf]i7Ldf b]zdf zfxL ;Qfsf lj?4 / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfdf PsLs[t eP/ hfg] ;xdlt u/]sf] 5 . zfxL ;Qfn] df3 !( ut] …s"Ú u/]kl5 b]zsf] /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] lgsf; s;/L lgsfNg] eg]/ j[xt uf]i7L ePsf] of] klxnf] k6s xf] . ljz]if 9+un] cfdGq0f ubf{ klg uf]i7Ldf d;fn kIf / Pdfn] gcfPsf] cfof]hsn] atfPsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf g]kfnL hgclwsf/ ;'/Iff ;ldlt, g]kfnL sf+u|];, g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_, ;befjgf kf6L{, :jtGq a'l4hLjL nufot 5g\ .

god“ lbNnLsf] cfO=6L=cf]=l:yt /fh]Gb| ;DkGg ePsf] pQm uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hs ;+:yfsf] cfgGb:j?k jdf{n] cWoIftf ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ldf g]kfnaf6 cfpg' ePsf g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf jl/i7 g]tf k|bLk lu/L, g]sfsL g]t[ ;'hftf sf]O/fnf, ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbb]jL_ sf Xbo; lqkf7L, km]8/];g ckm Pglhcf]sf ;efklt ch{'g sfsL{ Pj+ g]kfnL hgclwsf/ ;'/Iff ;ldlt ef/tsf s]Gb|Lo cWoIf nId0f kGtnufot ljleGg ef/tLo efOrf/f kf6L{ tyf ;+u7gsf k|ltlglw ;fy} 8An'cf/lkPdsf] tkm{af6 lk6/ u|f06 ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sf tkm{af6 6sL{sf xn's uu{/ ;d]t uf]i7Ldf /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .

8An'cf/lkPdsf tkm{af6 lk6/ u|f06n] cfkm" ef/t cfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ef/tLo zf;sx¿nfO{ bafj l;h{gf ug{' /x]sf] atfp“b} eGg'eof]–æxfdL s= uf}/j / s= ls/0fnfO{ h]ndf e]6g cfPsf xf}+, ;Dk"0f{ /fhaGbLx¿af/] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ cfPsf xf}+ . To; l;nl;nfdf xfdL k6gf h]n klg uof}+ hxf“ aGbLx¿nfO{ 3f]/ oftgf lbOPsf] 5 . r]GgO{df s= uf}/j;“u e]6\gsf] nflu xfdLn] Toxf“sf] k|zf;g;“u eLif0f ;+3if{ ug{'k¥of] . l;nu'8Ldf s= ls/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt tyf k|];;Dd klg k'¥ofof}+ . xfdLnfO{ s= uf}/j / s= ls/0f;“u e]6 ug{ lbOPg . s]xL ;do klxn] g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] oftgf / s]xL aGbLx¿nfO{ ul/Psf] k|Tofk{0fsf] 3f]/ lgGbf Pj+ lj/f]w k|s6 ug{'eof] .Æ

6sL{sf dfgjclwsf/jfbL xn's uu{/n] cfºgf] b]zsf qmflGtsf/L hgtfn] kf7Psf] nfn ;nfdnfO{ k]z ub{} eGg'eof]–æ 6sL{df g]kfndf rln/x]sf] nf]stflGqs u0f/fHosf] ;+3if{sf] Jofks ;dy{g 5 . Toxf“ klg s'lb{z hgtfn] 6sL{sf Gofok|]dL qmflGtsf/L hgtf;“u ldn]/ n8fO ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfdL To;sf] ;dy{g ub{5f}+ . g]kfnL qmflGtsf/L hgtfn] g]kfndf qmflGt ;DkGg ub{}5g\ of] eGbf ;'vsf] s'/f b'lgof“df s]xL klg x'g ;Sb}g .Æ

g]]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf g]tf k|bLk lu/Ln] g]kfndf !(() sf] hg;+3if{af6 k|fKt ar]v'r]sf] hgtGqsf] km/j/L ! df /fhf 1fg]Gb|åf/f xTof ul/Pkl5 g]kfnsf] nf]stGqsf] ;Da4{gsf] nflu o:tf ;ef ;Dd]ng x'g' c;fWo} 7"nf] dxTj 5 eGb} cufl8 eGg'eof]–æ;g\ !((! sf] ;+ljwfgsf] xTof eof] of] s;/L k'glh{ljt x'g ;S5 / < s="kf="-dfcf]jfbL_" s=" uf}/j" s=" ls/0f">

csf{ jQmf g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbb]jL_ ;d"xsf Xb]oz lqkf7Ln] sfo{qmddf af]Nb} eGg'eof]–æg]kfn clxn] kl/jt{gsf] ;+3f/df 5 . oltv]/ ;a} kf6L{x¿n] cfºgf ljutsf ;fgfltgf dte]bx¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{df 3gLe"t ?kdf nfUg' kb{5 .Æ

g]kfnL hgclwsf/ ;'/Iff ;ldlt, ef/tsf s]Gb|Lo cWoIf nId0f kGtn] km/j/L ! sf] zfxL k|ltudgsf/L 36gfn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] ckl/xfo{tfaf/] ;+;bjfbL ldqx¿sf] e|d tf]l8Psf] x'g'kg]{ cfzf ub}{ eGg'eof]–æ;+;bjfbL ldqx¿n] dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ cft+sjfbLsf] gh/n] x]g{' eGbf b/af/ / hh{a'zn] v]n]sf] cft+sjfbL e"ldsfnfO{ a'‰g] k|oTg ug{'kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} lx+;fsf] k'hf/L tyf unt lx+;fsf] ;|f]t /fhf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 nvg yfkfb]lv df]xgrGb| uf}td;Dd zxLb ePsf hgtfn] t zf;sju{åf/f yf]kl/Psf] cft+sjfbsf k|ltsf/ u/]sf x'g\ . ljut !) jif{df dfl/Psf ( xhf/ hgtf /fHosf] uf]nLaf6 dfl/P af“sL # xhf/ d'7e]8df dfl/Psf] tYon] lx+;fsf] >f]t /fHo ePsf] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] )$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cw'/f] 5 eg]/ klxn] g} eg]sf lyP t/ To;nfO{ clxn] dfq ;j{q dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . b/af/ xTofsf08sf] vngfos sf] xf] < ;+ljwfg;efsf] d'2fdf ;a}sf] Psdt lsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g < ;+;bLo zlQmx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbL;“u sfo{ut Pstfdf hfg s]n] /f]s]sf] 5 < /fhtGqsf] 5q5fof“df ;+rflnt /fHo;Qf g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] afws xf] .Æ

jfdkGyL a'l4hLjL xl/ /f]sfn] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'eof]–g]kfnsf /fhg}lts bnx¿ /fhtGq lj?4 Psh'6 eP/ gn8]sf] sf/0f g} /fhfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd /fh ul//x]sf] xf] . km/j/L ! sf] 36gfkZrft\ :jb]z tyf ef/tsf ljleGg efux¿df ;d]t zfxL k|ltudglj/f]wL hgk|bz{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ . /fhtGq lgd{"n x'g'kg{] s'/f ckl/xfo{ 5 t/ o;sf] nflu cem} Ps 8]9 jif{ nfUg ;Sg] s'/f pxf“n] atfpb} cufl8 s;/L a9\g] To;sf] nflu pko'Qm sfo{qmd ;f]Rg'kg{] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . pxf“n] ;+;bjfbL / dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] cGt3{'ng eP/ ;+3if{nfO{ cufl8 a9fPdf /fhtGq l5§} vtd x'g] ljZjf; klg JoQm ug{'eof] . æg]kfnsf] jt{dfg /fhf 1fg]Gb| /fhgLlts sd / Jofkf/L Hofbf 5 pm k|To]s s'/f gfkmfdf x]g{ cEo:t 5 . O/fgsf] zfx / ckmuflg:tfgsf] zfxnfO{ h:t} g]kfnsf] zfxnfO{ klg eljiodf g]kfnL hgtfn] vtd ug{]5g\ . To;sf] nflu /fhg}lts bn / dfcf]jfbL ldn]/ sfo{qmd agfpg' kb{5 . oltv]/ b/af/ / hgtf jf /fhtGq / u0ftGqaLr w'|jLs/0f x'g] k|lqmof tLj| ag]sf] 5 . of] ;do eg]sf] 5nf¨ nufpg] ;do xf] . /fhg}lts bnx¿aLr y'k|} leGgtf cfp“5 / Tof] xfdLdf klg 5 To;}n] xfdL ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ u0ftGq lgdf{0f ug{ cl3 a9\g' k5{ / xfdL cfk;L 5nkmndf a;]gf}+ eg] leGgtfsf] b'/L cem a9\g ;S5Æ pxf“n] hf]8 lbg'eof] .

uf]i7Ldf af]Ng] jQmf km]8/];g ckm Pglhcf]sf ;efklt ch{'g sfsL{n] eGg'eof]–æg]kfndf s:tf] Joj:yf /fVg], /fhf /fVg] ls g/fVg], g]kfndf s:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] o;sf] km};nf g]kfnL hgtfn] g} ug{ kfpg' k5{ . !(() sf] hg;+3if{nfO{ g]tfx¿n] b/af/;“u ;Demf}tf u/L 6'+UofOlbPsf]n] To;kl5sf Joj:yfn] g]kfnL ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]g . @#% jif{b]lvsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g]kfnL /fHonfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 / pxf“ eGg'x'G5 of] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 dfq} x'g ;S5 .Æ

ef/tLo sf+u|];sf dy'/fk|;fbn] g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ k|hftGq rflxPsf] 5 To;sf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ cfkm"x¿ tof/ /x]sf] t/ s;/L ug{] o;sf] nflu s]xL ;d:of ePsf] s'/f pxf“n] atfpg' eof] . ef/tn] /fhfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL bafpg lbPsf] xltof/ %) k|ltzt k|hftGq vtd ug{ nufPsf] s'/fdf k|sfz kfb{} pxf“n] eGg'eof]–æ;}lgs ;xfotfn] g]kfndf /fhf dha't tyf k|hftGq sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 t/ km/j/L ! kZrft\ ef/tåf/f aGb ul/Psf] ;}lgs ;xfotfaf/] ef/tLo zf;snfO{ pxf“n] wGojfb lb+b} atfpg'eof] ls cfufdL lbgdf klg o;nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy aGb u/]/ g]kfndf k"0f{ k|hftGq :yfkgf ug{ ;xof] u/f}+ .Æ !(() df g]tfx¿n] /fhf;“u ;Demf}tf ugf{n] hg;+3if{df ;zQm ;xefuL ag]sf g]kfnL hgtfn] 7"nf] df/ vfPsfn] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf] vfnsf] ;Demf}tf gul/of];\ pxf“sf] cg'/f]w lyof] .

To;}u/L csf{ jQmf ef/t–g]kfnL hgPstf d~rsf clgn ;df]l/ofn] eGg'eof]–æg]kfndf k|hftGq Nofpgsf nflu ;a} kf6L{x¿ ldn]/ ;+3if{df xf]ldg' kb{5 . To;sf] nflu xfdLtkm{af6 h'g;'s} ;xof]u klg ug{ tof/ /x]sf 5f}+ .Æ g]kfnL sf+u|];sL g]t[ ;'hftf sf]O/fnfn] klg sfo{qmddf cfºgf ljrf/x¿ /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . ;L=kL=Pd= -;+o'Qm_ rGb|b]j hf]zLn klg ;f] sfo{qmddf cfkm\gf] dt /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf o; ljrf/ uf]i7Lsf cfof]hs Pj+ cWoIf jdf{n] ;a} jQmfx¿sf] egfOnfO{ ;+Zn]lift ;dLIff ub{} ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] g]kfndf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts cyf{t\ cfly{s x/If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ck]Iff u/]sf] s'/f atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]–æg]kfnsf] n8fO{ g]kfnsf] dfq geP/ of] xfdL ;a}sf] xf] . olb g]kfnsf] ;Dk|e'tfdfly ;+s6 cfPdf xfdL ef/tLox¿n] klg cfºgf] ;Dk|e'tf arfpg ;Sg] 5}gf}+ .Æ pxf“n] dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqk|lt ldl8ofsf] efiffaf/] klg k|sfz kfg{'eof] . pxf“n] dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] ax'bnLo nf]stGqdf ljleGg ju{n] k|ltlglwTj ug{] s'/f cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08sf] jQmJosf x/kmx¿ p4[t ub{} :ki6 kfg{'eof] . uf]i7Ldf d~rn] cl3 ;f/]sf] k|:tfj k9]/ ;'gfOPsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf hghfu[lt ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/n] cToGt} dfld{s / ;'dw'/ ;+o'Qm :j/df cfdf ltdLn] dnfO{ qmflGtsf] lglDt kfPsL /}5f} lg, afaf ltdLn] dnfO{ hgtfsf] lglDt kfPsf /lx5f} lg eGg] :6]h uLt ufp“bf ;|f]tfx¿n] el/Psf] pQm xnsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ efjljef]/ agfPsf] lyof] .

n]v

zfxL k|ltudg / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] k|Zg

afa'/fd e6/fO{

cfkm\gf] ;'k|l;4 /rgf æn'O{ jf]gfkf]{sf] c7f/f}+ j|'d]o/Æ df x]u]nnfO{ pb\w[t ub}{ sfn{ dfS;{n] eGg' ePsf] lyof]–… o:tf] k|tLt x'G5 ls ljZj Oltxf;sf ;a} 36gf / kfqx? b'Orf]l6 k}bf x'G5g\ . =======klxnf]rf]l6 qf;bLsf]?kdf / bf];|f]rf]l6 xf:o+kfqsf]?kdf .Ú To;} qmddf jxf+n] dxfg\ k|mfG;]nL k"+lhjfbL hgjfbL qmflGtsf] klxnf] u0ftGqsf] sfndf sfsf g]kf]lnog jf]gfkf]6{ / bf];|f] u0ftGqsf] sfndf elthf n'O jf]gfkf]6{ …gof+ afbzfxÚ sf] ?kdf hGd]sf] 36gfsf] t'ngf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lgZro g} Tof] Jo+UofTds cy{df lyof] .

g]kfnL Oltxf;df klg clxn] Tolx x]u]njfbL 4GbfTds lgodsf] k'g/fj[lQ e}/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . cyf{t @))& ;fn kl5sf] klxnf] ;Lldt ;+;bLo k|hftflGqs sfnsf] cGTo u/]/ @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] afa' dx]Gb|n] zfxL ;}lgs …s"Ú dfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf lnPsf lyP eg] @)$& kl5sf] bf];|f] ;+;bLo sfnsf] cGTo u/]/ 5f]/f 1fg]Gb|n] @)^! df3 !( ut] csf]{ zfxL ;}lgs …s"Ú dfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf lnPsf 5g\ . To;f] t a'em\g]x?sf lglDt -cyjf a'em]/ a'em gkrfpg]x?sf lglDt_ clxn]sf] df3 !( ut]sf] 36gf @)%* h]7 !( ut]sf] 36gfsf] lg/Gt/tf jf k"0f{tf dfq xf] eGg ;lsG5, hlta]nf ;fk]If?kn] sdhf]/ / pbf/ /fhf jL]/]Gb|sf] j+zgfz u/]/ 1fg]Gb|n] gof+ j+zsf] z'?jft u/]sf lyP . o;/L k|mfG;]nL Oltxf;sf] …c7f/f}+ j|'d]o/Ú s} b]vfl;sL ub}{ g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] …pGgfO; ut]Ú cfPsf] k|tLt x'G5 h'g slt …qf;bLk"0f{Ú jf …xf:ok"0f{Ú x'g]5 kv]{/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .

zfxL k|ltudgsf] cy{ / cf}lrTo

df3 !( ut] k'/fgf] k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm cfkm\gf] xftdf s]lGb|t ug]{ qmddf hf/L u/]sf] …zfxL 3f]if0ffÚ nufot To;kl5sf cfkm\gf ;a} cleJolQmx?Dff 1fg]Gb|n] af/Daf/ hf]8 lbg] u/]sf 5g\ ls of] sbd b]zdf ljBdfg …cft+sjfbÚ sf] cGTo u/]/ zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ / …ax'blno k|hftGqÚnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ p4]Zon] lglZrt cjlw -cyf{t\ tLg jif{_–sfnflu dfq rflnPsf] afWofTds sbd xf] . kmfu'g !# ut] b]zsf 5flgPsf s]xL jl/i7 kqsf/x?;+usf] e]6jftf{df pgn] cfkm'nfO{ …k|hftGqÚ sf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ljz]if hf]8 ub}{ ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{ / cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx?;+u cfkm\gf] …cft+sjfb lj/f]wLÚ cleofgdf ;fy lbg cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . o;l/ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hh{ a'zsf] b]vfl;sL ub}{ pgn] cfkm'nfO{ o; blIf0f PlzofnL If]qs} c;nL …cft+sjfbÚ lj/f]wL dl;xfsf]?kdf pEofP/ cfkm\gf] lg/+s'z kmf}hL zf;gnfO{ ;a}n] j}wtf lbg'kg]{ ofrgf u/]sf 5g\ /

k/Gt' k+rfotsfnb]lv g} …e"ldut lu/f]xsf] gfOs]Ú sf] gfdn] b/jf/leqsf] klg cg'bf/ v]dfsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf s'Voft / gf/fo0flx6Lsf08kl5 …efOdf/fÚ sf] ?kdf cfd hg;d'bfodf ;d]t abgfd 1fg]Gb|sf] o:tf] ;:tf] /fhg}lts rfnafhLsf] kbf{ qmdzM Rofltb} u}/x]sf] 5 . vfzu/L pgn] k+rfotsfnsf abgfd cg'bf/ r]x/fx? t'n;L lu/L / sLlt{lglw lji6nfO{ cfkm\gf k|d'v /fhg}lts ;xof]uLsf ?kdf cl3 ;f/]kl5 / slyt cfkftsfnsf] gfp+df hgtfsf ;a} ;Lldt k|hftflGqs clwsf/x?nfO{ ckx/0f u/]kl5 pgsf] lg/+s'z zfxL kmf;LjfbL rl/qnfO{ lrGg ;a}nfO{ ;lhnf] k/]sf] 5 . pgn] hlt;'s} …ax'blno k|hftGqÚ / …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sf] /6 nufP klg pgsf clxn];Ddsf ;a} sbdx? pgsf afa' dx]Gb|n] )!& ;fn kf}if ! ut]b]lv qmlds?kdf rfNb} uPsf lg/+s'z k+rfotLsfnsf sbdx?;+u x'ax' ldNbfh'Nbf k|s[ltsf 5g\ / To; cy{df df3 !( ut] kl5 b]zdf lg/+s'z /fhtGqfTds kmf}hL clwgfosjfb k"0f{?kdf :yflkt e};s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a} ;r]t hg;d'bfo / /fhg}lts zlQmx? aLrdf s'g} e|d 5}g / /xg' x'Gg .

km]l/ klg k|Zg p7\g' :jfefljs 5– ljz]iftM @)$& kl5 :yflkt ePsf] ;Lldt j'h'{jf k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] olt ;xh} cGTo eP/ lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] k"g:yf{kgf s;l/ x'g;Sof] <>dhLlj / k|ultlzn ju{x? ;a}eGbf cu|0fL ;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tjdf csf]{ kl§ w|'ljs[t e}/x]sf 5g\ . k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{x?dWo] g]kfndf ;fdGt tyf bnfn / gf]s/zfxL k'+lhkltju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhtGq g} P]ltxfl;s ?kn] ;aeGbf alnof] / ;Ifd 7xl/Psfn] clxn] gf} jif{sf] qmflGtsf/L hgo'4af6 ;aeGbf lynlynf] ePsf tL ju{x? k'gM Psk6s /fhtGqs} 5fxf/L d'lg uf]naGb x'g] k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ . jlu{o lx;fan] jt{dfg zfxL k|ltudg cyf{t lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] k"g:yf{kgfsf] cy{ / cf}lrTo olx xf] . ;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tjdf k|ultlzn ju{x? hlt hlt cu|udgdf nfU5g\ ToxL ;fk]Iftfdf k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{x? /fhtGqsf] g]t[Tjdf k|ltudg tkm{ pGd'v x'g' ;dfh ljsf;sf] 4GbjfbL lgod cg'?k laNs'n :jefljs s'/f xf] .

bf];|f] s'/f, /fhg}lts lx;fan] @)$& df :yflkt j'h'{jf ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf ;Ldf / sdhf]/L tyf cfd ?kdf dWojtL{ ju{ / zlQmx?sf] sdhf]/ l:yltsf sf/0fn] klg ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL k|ltudgsf] lglDt j:t'ut cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ ;a}n] :jLsfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . vfzu/L g]kfnsf :yflkt ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] cfkm\gf] 5'§} alnof] jlu{o cfwf/ gx'g' plgx?n] ;fdGt / gf]s/zfxL k'+lhklt ju{b]lv lgDg–k'+lhklt ju{;Ddsf] lvr8L jlu{o w/ftndf pleP/ xd]zf 9'nd'n] / ;Demf}tf k/:t /fhg}lts c8fg lng] ug'{n] k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL ;DklQ–;DaGw / ;+:s[lt tyf d'Vo ?kdf zfxL ;]gfsf] cf8 kfPsf] /fhtGqn] plgx?nfO{ xd]zf la/fnf]n] d';fnfO{ v]nfP h:tf] v]nfO/xg] l:ylt alg/x\of] . cem} 7f];?kdf eGg' kbf{ @)$& sf] hgcfGbf]ng / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cGt/lglxt q'6Lsf sf/0fn] ubf{ j'h'{jf k|hftGqsf] cfwf/e't k|Zg …;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|ZgÚ dfly xd]zf cGof]n sfod} /lx/x\of] / Jojxf/tM k/Dk/fut ?kdf …/fhsLo clwsf/Ú sf] bfaL ug]{ / zfxL ;]gfdfly Psflwsf/ sfod ub}{ cfPsf] /fhtGqn] qmdzM ;+;b / ;+ljwfgnfO{ lgn]/ cfkm\gf] lg/+s'ztfjfbL >]i7tf ;flat ug]{ df}sf k|fKt u¥of] . ;fy} cfkm\gf] c:ki6 / 9'nd'n juL{o c8fg / b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0fn] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] cfkm\gf] !@ jif]{ zf;gsfndf ;dfhdf ljBdfg k'/fgf] ;fdGtL tyf gf]s/zfxL k'+lhklt cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwnfO{ k|ultzLn9+un] ?kfGt/0f ug]{ s'g} k|efjsf/L sbd rfn]gg\ / kl5Nnf] r/0fdf qmflGtsf/L hgo'4sf] ljsf;;+u;+u} pgLx?sf] juL{o / /fhg}lts w/ftn emg\emg\ sdhf]/ aGb} uof] . kmn:j?k @)$& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?nfO{ ;fy lb+b} cfPsf] ;dfhsf] pkNnf] ju{ k'gM /fhtGq kl§ g} kms{g yfNof] eg] tNnf] / dWod ju{sf] Pp6f lx:;f qmflGtsf/L hgo'4sf] lsQfdf uf]naGb x'+b} uof] . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] o:tf] csd{0otf, 9'nd'nkg / qmlds IfoLs/0fsf] sf/0fklg k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfdfly k'gM Psflwsf/ hdfpg] df}sf /fhtGqnfO{ k|fKt eof] . o;}sf] 7f]; cleJolQm @)%* h]7 !( ut]sf] b/jf/ xTofsf08 / @)%( j}zfv !* ut]s] /fhg}lts k|s/0f x'+b} @)^! df3 !( ut]sf] v'nf zfxL k|ltudgs]f d~rg xf] . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] of] P]ltxfl;s ;Ldf / sdhf]/LnfO{ ;6Ls 9+un] O+lut ub}{ xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf cWoIf s=k|r084f/f hgo'4sf] bzf}+ jif{ k|j]zsf] pknIodf oxL @)^! kmfu'g ! ut] hf/L ul/Psf] ;Gb]zdf elgPsf] 5–æ cGttM df3 !( sf] slyt zfxL 3f]if0ffn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ;'wf/jfbsf] cf}lrTolxgtfnfO{ Ps k6s k'gM k|dfl0ft dfq u/]sf] 5}g clkt' ;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ;fd'lxs lgb|fnfO{ klg e+u ul/lbPsf] 5 .Æ

t];|f] s'/f, kmf}hL lx;fan] lg/+s'z /fhtGqdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ b]zdf lbgx"+ pTsif{lt/ r'ln+b} uPsf] u[xo'4df clGtd df]rf{ s:g] d/0ff;Gg k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{sf] tTk/tf / tof/Lsf] cy{df klg a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rflnt qmflGtsf/L hgo'4 ljut gf}+ jif{df Pskl5 csf]{ ljho xfl;n ub}{ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]kl5 xf]zxjf; u'dfPsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sju{n] k/Dk/fut ?kdf zfxL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr sdfg ;DxfNb} cfPsf] /fhtGqnfO{ g} k|ToIf ?kdf cufl8 ;f/]/ cfkm\gf] cl:tTj wfGg] clGtd k|of; ug'{ c;Dej / d'v{tfk"0f{ s'/f eP klg c:jfefljs rflx+ xf]Og . vfzu/L ljutdf /fhg}lts sdfg ;+;b / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] xftdf / jf:tljs kmf}hL sdfg /fhb/jf/sf] xftdf x'+bf cfkm\gf] hGdsfnb]lv g} b/jf/sf] e/f}6] ;]gfsf] ?kdf /x+b} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfn] qmflGtsf/L hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lj?4 n8\g] qmddf nHhf:kb xf/ l;jfo s]xL xft gnfPsf]af/] k'/fgf] ;Qfleq}af6 l6sfl6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf] xf] . To;}n] cfkm\g} bfHo"sf] j+zgfz u/]/ ;Qf;Lg ePsf dxTjfsf+IfL /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] zfxL ;]gfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sdfg cfkm}n] ;Dxfn]/ cfkm\gf] d/0ff;Gg ju{sf] /Iffsf] lglDt pBt x'g vf]Hg' ;xh} a'em\g ;lsg] s'/f xf] . k/Gt' s'g} klg ;]gfsf] o'4 Ifdtf s'g} sdf08/sf] dgf]ut rfxgf jf Ifdtfdf lge{/ geP/ pQm ;]gfsf] ;fdflhs juL{o cfwf/ / /fhg}lts nIodf d"ntM lge{/ x'G5 eGg] j}1flgs dfGotf cg';f/ ;fdGtL e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfsf] ;j{gfz l9nf] jf rf+8f] ckl/xfo{ 5 / 1fg]Gb|sf] clxn]sf] ;kgf eo+s/ b'M:jKgdf ablng] lglZrt 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx?sf] e"ldsf

jt{dfg ;fd|fHojfbL e"d08nLs/0fsf] o'udf s'g} klg b]zsf] /fhg}lts 36gfqmdsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / dxTj klxn] ;w+} eGbf lgs} a9L x'g' :jfefljs x'G5 . To;}n] df3 !( ut]sf] zfxL k|ltudgn] klg ljZjJofkL rrf{ kfPsf] 5 / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 / PSnf] clt–dxfzlQm cd]l/sfb]lv o"/f]k]nL ;+3, j]nfot, ef/t, rLgnufot ;a}n] cf–cfkm\gf] k|ltlqmof ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf 5g\ . k/Gt' ;'vb cfZro{sf] s'/f s] 5 eg] s'g} klg dxTjk"0f{ / zlQmzfnL b]z jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfn] 1fg]Gb|sf] of] k|ltudgsf/L sbdsf] cfh;Dd v'n]/ ;dy{g u/]sf 5}gg\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og ljutdf g]kfnL k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;QfnfO{ d'Vo ;xof]u / ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf cd]l/sf, j]nfot, ef/t / o"/f]k]nL ;+3n] of] sbdsf] v'n]/} lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ eg] rLg, ?;, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z cflbn] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfldnf eg]/ l6Kk0fL ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ljz]iftM d'Vo ;}lgs ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf ef/t / j]nfotn] ;}Go ;xfotf :yug u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ eg] 8]gdfs{nufotsf o"/f]k]nL ;+3sf b]zx?n] cfly{s ;xfotf /f]s]sf] jf /f]Sg] atfPsf 5g\ . To;/L g} PDg]i6L OG6/g]zgn, xo"dg /fO6 jfr cflb cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] klg zfxL ;Qfsf] bdgsf/L gLltsf] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L zfxL k|ltudgsf/L ;Qf cGt/f{li6«o ;dbfoaf6 k'/} cnuynu x'g k'u]sf] 5, h'g g]kfnL hgjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt 7"nf] z'e;+s]t xf] .

k/Gt' 1fg]Gb|sf] kmf}hL clwgfosjfbL ;Qfn] Psflt/ cfkm\gf] k|ltudgsf/L sbd …cft+sjfbÚsf] cGTo ug{ kl/nlIot /x]sf] atfP/ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] eLv dflu/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf /x]sf] b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"–/fhg}lts l:yltsf] bf]xg u/]/ cfkm\gf] kmfl;i6 ;QfnfO{ Pp6f jf csf]{ l5d]sLsf] ;dy{g k|fKt ug]{ hdsf]{ ul//x]sf] 5 . vfzu/L ;d;fdlos t];|f] ljZjsf ;a} k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx?n] ;kmntfsf ;fy k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf oL b'j} /fhg}lts sf8{x?n] eljiodf s:tf] k|ltkmn Nofpnfg kv]{/ x]g{ af+sL g} 5, t}klg clxn];Ddsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]bf{ ltgn] vf;} ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvGg . cfkm}+ bfHo"sf] j+zgfz u/]/ u2L xTofpg] / df3 !( sf] sbdkl5 hgtfsf ;a} /fhg}lts / df}lns clwsf/ xgg u/]/ b]ze/ kmf}hL cft+s dRrfpg]n] …cft+sjfbÚ sf] lj/f]wsf] s'/f ug'{ 7"nf] kfv08 / lgs[i6 dhfs x'g] s'/f cGt/f{li6«o hg;d'bfon] ;xh} ga'em\g] k|Zg} 5}g . ;fy} nfvf}+ s/f}8f}+ hg;d'bfosf] dgdlitis lhTg ;kmn dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L hgo'4nfO{ 1fg]Gb| h:tf] ;fdGtL xTof/fn] …cft+sjfbÚ eGb}df cGt/f{li6«o hg;d'bfon] kTofOxfNg] l:ylt 5+b}5g\ . t}klg ju{–ljeflht ;dfhsf ;a} d"NodfGotf ju{–:jfy{df cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] sltko b]zx?sf k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx?n] cGttM 1fg]Gb|nfO{ ;fy lbg;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Vofn /fVb} qmflGtsf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf] cGt/f{li6«o sfd / k|rf/–sfo{ OToflbnfO{ Jojl:yt / tLj| kfg}{k5{ .

hxf+;Dd afa' dx]Gb|n] ;g\ ;f7Lsf] bzssf] zLt–o'4sflng cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltaf6 kmfObf p7fPsf] b]vfl;sL ub}{ 5f]/f 1fg]Gb|n] klg d'VotM b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"–/fhg}lts l:yltsf] bf]xg u/]/ kmfObf p7fpg] k|oTg ug]{ k|Zg 5, To;sf] klg ablnPsf] ljZj kl/l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o zlQm ;Gt"ngsf] cj:yfdf vfz} ;Defjgf b]lvGg . lglZrt ?kdf cd]l/sf / ef/t aLrsf] glhls+bf] ;DaGw / tL b'a} dxTjk"0f{ b]zx?n] jt{dfg 1fg]Gb|sf] sbdnfO{ ;fy glbPsf] l:yltdf zfxL ;Qfn] pQ/L l5d]sL rLgaf6 s]xL kmfObf p7fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . To;/L g} k/Dk/fut ?kdf ef/t;+u cGt/lj/f]w /fVg] kfls:tfg / a+unfb]zaf6 klg s]xL xft nufpg ;Sg] x'g;S5 . t/, 1fg]Gb| :jo+sf] sdhf]/ l:ylt / clglZrt eljionfO{ x]/]/ tL l5d]sL b]zx?n] klg ;fdfGo s'6g}lts eGbf c? s'g} 7f]; ef}lts ;xof]u unf{g\ eGg] s'/f kTofpg ufX} 5 . km]l/ klg /0fg}lts b[li6sf]0fn] b'O d'Vo l5d]sL ef/t / rLg;+u ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw sfod ug{ plrt Wofg lb+b} sfo{gLlts b[li6n] rflx+ cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps jf b'a};+u nrstfsf] gLlt ckgfpg qmflGtsf/L b]zeQmx? lxlRsrfpg' x'Gg .

cfkm\gf] juL{o b[li6sf]0f / :jfy{sf sf/0fn] sltko k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o zlQms]Gb|x?n] ljutdf xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf lj?4 /fhf / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?nfO{ Psh'6 u/fpg k|oTg ub}{ cfO/x]sf]df s]xL ;do otf To;df s]xL pNn]Vo kl/jt{g cfpg' csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kl/36gf xf] . ljljw sf/0fjz tL zlQmx?n] ljutdf cufNb} cfPsf] slyt :yfoLTjsf] …b'O{ vDafÚ -cyf{t\ /fhf / ;+;bjfbL_ gLltsf] ;§fdf clxn] xfdL qmflGtsf/Lx? ;d]tsf] …tLg vDafÚ gLlt ;fd'Gg] cfpg yfNg' Ps sbd ;sf/fTds cjZo xf] . km]l/ klg b]zsf] j:t'ut cfjZostf / gof+ /fhg}lts zlQm ;Gt"ngn] hGdfPsf] gof+ ;Defjgf / cfjZostf rflx+ lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lj?4 ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL zlQmx?sf] Psh'6tf g} xf] . of] gof+ …b'O vDafÚ gLlt lglDt k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o zlQms]Gb|x?sf k'/fgf ck|hftflGqs dfGotf / gLltx?df kl/jt{g Nofpg qmflGtsf/Lx?n] cfjZos kxn ug}{ kb{5 . cWoIf s=k|r08sf] kmfu'g ! ut]sf] ;Gb]zn] Tof] lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ sbd rfn]sf] s'/f oxf+g]/ ljz]if :d/0fLo 5 .

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] k|Zg

df3 !( ut]sf] zfxL k|ltudg kl5 cfGtl/s /fhg}lts lx;fan] klg dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gsf ;+s]tx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . vfzu/L ljutdf nfdf] ;do;Dd /fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL u/L tLg w|'jdf ljeflht cfGtl/s /fhgLlt ca qmdzM /fhfjfbL / nf]stGqjfbL u/L b'O{ lsQfdf w|'jLs[t x'g;Sg] k|jn ;Defjgfx? a9\b} u}/x]sf 5g\ . d'VotM gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08 kl5sf tLg jif{x?df 1fg]Gb|n] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? aLrdf km'6 kf/]/ / pgLx?sf ;Qfd'vL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ g+Uofp+b} nu]/ cfkm\gf] k|ltudgsf] Ph]08fnfO{ dha't kf/]sf] s'/f ca ;a}n] a'em\g] u/L 5n{+u ePsfn] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf g]tf, sfo{stf{ / ;dy{s hg;d'bfodf ;d]t /fhtGq k|lt tLj| cfqmf]z a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] k'/fg} k+rfotL z}nLdf lbgx'+ zfxL k|ltudgsf] ;dy{gdf k|fof]lht jQmJojfhL / h'n';–k|bz{gsf] gf}6+sL d~rg ul/+bf klg Psfw ckjfb afx]s ;+;bjfbL lsQfsf s;}n] clxn];Dd 1fg]Gb|nfO{ v'n]/ ;fy lbPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . of] k|ltudgsf/L sbdnfO{ b/jfl/of tTjx?n] hlt;'s} …cft+sjfbÚ -cyf{t\ dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?_ sf] lj/f]wdfdfq s]Gb|Lt xf] eg]/ k|rf/ ug{ vf]h] klg of] ;+;bjfbL nufot ;a} vfn] nf]stGqsf] lj/f]wdf xf] eg]/ ;a}n] qmdzM a'em\b} u}/x]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} gful/s ;dfh, ;+rf/sdL{x?, dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?, k]z]j/ ;+u7gx? cflb ;a}n] g} cfkm'nfO{ of] zfxL k|ltudgsf] lj/f]wdf pEofO/x]sf 5g\ . of] lgZro g} nf]stGqsf] lglDt z'e;+s]t xf] .

k/Gt' zfxL k|ltudgsf] Ps dlxgf lalt;Sbf;Dd nf]stflGqs zlQmx? aLr cfufdL /fhtGq lj/f]wL ;+3if{sf] lglDt s'g} k|efjsf/L gLlt, sfo{qmd jf ;+oGq lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' rflx+ s]xL lrGtfsf] ljifo cjZo ePsf] 5 . k|ltudgsf/L zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] nuQ} kl5 g]=s=kf=-dfc]fjfbL_ n] tLglbg] …aGbÚ / kGw| lbg] rSsfhfd / gfsfaGbLsf] sfo{qmd cl3 ;f/]/ /fhtGqlj/f]wL ;+3if{nfO{ ult lbg] k|oTg cjZo u¥of] . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] klg ef/tLo k|jf;af6 k|rf/fTds sfo{x? / b]zleq}af6 s]xL ;f+s]lts lj/f]wsf sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt hgfpg] sfd u/] . t/, Psflt/ ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? aLrdf / csf]{lt/ ;+;bjfbL tyf dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx? aLrdf /fhg}lts ;dGjo sfod u/]/ ;femf b'Zdgsf lj?4 h'g rf]l6nf] k|xf/ ;+o'Qm ?kdf s]lGb|t ul/g' kg]{ xf] Tof] cem};Dd x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? dWo] g]kfnL sf+u|]; j[Qaf6 /fhtGqsf] lj/f]wdf hlt ltvf] cfjfh j]nfavt cfpg] u/]sf] 5 TolQ klg cfkm'nfO …jfdk+yLÚ eGg] Pdfn] j[Qaf6 cfPsf] gb]lvg' u+eL/ lrGtfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;n] @)!& ;fndf em}+ k'gM csf]{ …/fodfemLÚ nfO{ hGd lbg nfu]sf] t xf]Og <>

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g]kfnL hgo'4 ljleGg Iflt / pknlAw, ;kmntf / c;kmntf, ptf/–r9fj, 3'DtL / df]8, cf/f]x / cj/f]xnfO{ kf/ ub]{ l5kl5k]af6 ulx/fOlt/ nDsb} cfh ( jif{ k"/f u/]/ bzf}++ jif{sf] ofqfdf lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\b} 5 . /Iffsf] nfdf] r/0f / /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] 5f]6f] r/0fnfO{ kf/ ub}{ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] gof“ r/0fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . cyf{t s]Gb|Lo ;Qfdfly rf}tkmL{ xdnf s]lGb|t ub]{ k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L To;sf] 7fp“df ljlwjt ?kdf hgjfbL /fHo;Qf -hgu0ftGq g]kfn_ cyf{t :jtGqtf, Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;d'Ggt Ps ;d[4 g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ug{ xfd|f] l;ª\uf] kf6L{, hgd'lQm ;]gf, hj; / df]rf{x? nflu/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljutsf cfGbf]ngx?df / xfn xfd|f] dxfg\ / uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf dw]zn] u/]sf Tofu / pT;u{ Pj+ s'jf{gL tyf pHjjn eljioaf/] oxf“ yf]/} rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/g]5 .

xfdLn] dw]z / dw]zL ;d'bfosf] d'lQmsf] s'/f] ubf{v]/L o;sf] d"n cj/f]ws Pj+ pTkL8gsf] h8 ->f]t_ ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo Pj+ lxGb'jfbL hudf cfwfl/t lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqfTds ;+ljwfg g} xf] . o;sf ;fy} d'lQmsf nflu nfnflot dw]zLx?sf] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ;ª\u7g -kf6L{_ ;“u cfj4 /lx u/]sf] ;ª\3if{ / c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? klg cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 . clxn] hgo'4;“u Psfsf/ eP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] dw]zL ;d'bfosf] bfloTj / ;'lglZrt eljZoaf/] klg :ki6 x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

g]kfndf lxGb' cx+sf/jfbL ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo / dw]z tyf dw]zLx?sf] d"n pTkL8s !@ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ s]xL cfo{d"nsf v;x? g]kfnsf] klZrdL kxf8L e"–efu s0ff{nL k|b]z -v;fg_ lt/ cfP/ j;] . To;kl5 ef/tdf ;–;fgf /fHox?dfly a]nf–a]nfdf d';ndfg ;d|f6x?sf] xdnfsf] sf/0fn] !# cf}+ / !$ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ cfºgf] wd{, ;“:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, hf]ufpg blIf0flt/af6 s]xL cfo{d"nsf afx'g–If]qLx? klZrdL kxf8 / sf7df8f} pkTosflt/ cfP/ cf>d lnP . h'ga]nf ;'Ntfg cNnfpl2gn] lrtf}8dfly klg ;g\ !#)# lt/ cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . lo v;x? lglZrt ?kd} oxf“sf cflbjf;L hghfltx? eGbf rnfv lyP . kl5 uP/ lo v;x? s0ff{nLlt/ a;f]af; u/]sf v;x?;“u 5\of;ld; eP/ a:g yfn] / klZrddf v;x?;“u hftkft / j}jflxs ;DaGw klg sfod u/] . logLx? k|fljlws / /fhg}lts ?kdf k|v/ / j'l4dfg ePsf] x'gfn] cfºgf] efiff ;“:s[lt, wd{, /Lltl/jfh hf]ufpg ;lqmo lyP eg] c? dfly nfbg klg logLx? plQs} l;kfn' / dflx/ ;fljt eP . kl5 uP/ logLx?s} j+zsf] k"vf{n] ndh'ª /fHo sJhf u/] / logs} j+z k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] oxf“sf -xfn g]kfnsf_ ;–;fgf /fHox?nfO{ sJhf ub]{ lxGb" ;“:s[ltsf] s7f]/ tyf pRr 3[0ftd pkb|jx? nfb\b} /fHo lj:tf/sf] cleofg cufl8 a9] . oxf“;Dd ls sf7df8f} pkTosf sJhf ul/;s]kl5 Toxf“sf g]jf/x?nfO{ /fHo lgsfnf ug]{ Pj+ gfs sf6\g] sfd eof] . clg ;g\ !&&$ lt/ k[YjLgf/o0f zfxn] dsjfgk'/ -;]g /fHo, h;df dw]zsf klg y'k}| e"–efux? lyP_ nufotsf dw]zsf ;–;fgf /fHox? sJhf u/] . k[YjLgfo0f zfx Pp6f :j]R5frf/L dg'jfbL lg/ª\s'z ;fdGtL zfifs lyP . pgn] dw]zsf ;–;fgf /fHox? sJhf u/]kl5 cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg pj{/e"ld cfºgf] k|zf;g, ;]gf Pj+ ef/bf/x?sf] vr{ k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu dfq} pkef]u u/] . oxf“ a;f]af; ug]{ hfltx?nfO{ cfly{s, /hfgLlts, eflifs cyf{t rf}tkmL{ ?kdf zf]if0f ub]{ cfP .

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x'g t c+u|]h lj/f]wL o'4x?df hgtfsf] cxd\ e"ldsf ePklg -k|ToIf n8fO{ n8] klg_ st} st}sf hgtf r'k nfu]/ a;]sf lyP . k'gM lj=;= !(%) df ckdfghgs ;lGw x'g k'u] . o;/L ef/t -To; a]nfsf] Oi8 Ol08of sDkgL_ ;“u ePsf ;lGwx? / To;sf k|fjwfgx?n] g]kfn em\g cw{pklgj]z aGg uof] . o;/L b]zsf] clxn];Ddsf] /fhgLlts kl/j]znfO{ cWoog ubf{ cyf{t j]nfj]nfsf] cfGbf]ng / To;sf] ;kmntfsf] ?kdf s]xL ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{g ePklg of] b]z clxn] klg cw{pklgj]z / cw{;fdGtL 9f“rfdf g} /x]sf] 5 . clg lo ;f/f lrhnfO{ oyf{ydf a'‰bf g]kfn Pp6f cw{;fdGtL / cw{pklgj]lzs d"n's t 5b}5 . clg To;df klg dw]z t emg\ of] /fhtGqfTds ;Qfsf] cfGtl/s pklgj]z (Internal Colony) ag]sf] 5 / ;fy} g]kfnsf ax';ª\Vos cflbjf;L hghfltx? em}+ dw]zL ;d'bfo cem emg\ emg\ eflifs cfly{s /fhgLlts pTkL8gdf k/] .

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dw]z jf:tjdf of] /fhtGqfTds ;Qfaf6 cfGtl/s pklgj]z agfOPsf] Pp6f hflt / /fi6« (Nation) xf] . x'g t o;leq klg y'k}| cNk;+Vos hflt, pkhfltx? klg 5g\ . clg oxf“ a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dw]zLx?n] s'zn g]t[Tj / :ki6 gLltsf] cefjdf a'‰g] hfltsf] ;fx;k"0f{ ;ª\3if{ / k|lt/f]w ub]{ cfP . h:t} /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4 ;ª\3if{ u/]sf] sf/0fn] /fhnfn sNjf/sf] ;lDkQ hkmt Pj+ % jif{sf] s7f]/ sf/fjf;, ef/tdf k9\g] dw]zL o"jfx?åf/f /f0ff zf;g lj?4 /utåf/f x:tfIF/ Pj+ r/0fj4 cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eP . otf g]kfndf /f0fflj/f]wL cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf] j]nf ef/tdf cu|]h eufp cfGbf]ngdf g]t[Tj ug]{ /fddgf]x/ nf]lxof hok|sfz gf/fo0f, czf]s d]xtf nufotsf g]tfx? dw]zdf z/0f lng cfp“y] . otfsf] g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? snsQf, agf/; nufotsf h:tf 7fp“x? k|of]u u/]/ /f0fflj/f]wL ultljlw x'GYof] . o;}qmddf cu|]hsf] Ozf/fdf /f0ff k|zf;sx?n] 8f=/fddgf]x/ nf]lxof, jh|lszf]/ zf:qL, ljho k6j{bg nufotsf s]xL jl/i6 g]tf Pj+ cGo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ;dftL xg'dfggu/ rf}sLdf /fv] . jxf“x?nfO{ 5'6fpg ljleGg k|of; ePklg cGtdf s]xL gnfu]kl5 rf}sL g} sJhf u/]/ dw]zL o'jfx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ 5'6fP . o;f] ubf{ s]xL dw]zL o'jfx? 3fOt] eP . ;f] k|x/L rf}sLsf] ;]G6«L dfl/P . o;} 36gfdf hodª\un l;x,+ zq'wg l;+x nufot @@ hgf kqmfp kl/ sf7df8f} h]n rnfg eP eg] cGonfO{ lhNnf cGtu{t h]ndf /flvof] .

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P]ltxfl;s ls;fg cfGb]fng / ;z:q ;ª\3if{df dw]zL ;d'bfoM

))(, )!!, )!@ ;fnlt/ dw]zL ls;fgx?n] u/]sf] cfgbf]ng g]kfns} Oltxf;df k|yd ;ª\ul7t cfGbf]ng dflgG5 . x'g t of] cfGbf]ngdf g]t[Tjsf] b'/bzL{tfsf] cefj, qmflGtsf/L ljrf/df ljrng, cj;/jflbtf b]lvP klg dw]zL ls;fgx?n] Tof] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cfºgf] qmflGtsfl/tf Pj+ :jtM:km"t{tfsf] andf ePklg Pp6f pTsif{d} k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .

@))( ;fndf /f}tx6 lhNnfaf6 z'? ePsf] ls;fg cfGbf]ng af/f, k;f{{, ;nf{xL, nufotsf b]zsf ljleGg efudf km}lnP/ uof] . ;fdGt hfnL km6fxfx?dfly ljleGg lsl;dsf sf/afxLx? eP . h:t} df]5 -h'“uf_ pvf8\g] cleofg, hfnL td;'s hnfpg], hldg sJhf ;fy} :yfgLo :t/d} 3'lDt ;/sf/ klg rnfpg] sfo{x? ePsf lyP . clxn];Ddsf k|foM qmflGtsf/Lx?sf nflu Tof] cfGbf]ng k|]/0ff Pj+ k|sfzk'~hs} ?kdf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . o; cfGbf]ngdf klg sltko ls;fgx? zxLb eP / h]n klg k/]sf lyP . cGtdf :ki6 nIo ;lxtsf] g]t[Tjsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] of] cfGbf]ng klg ;]nfP/ uof] .

o; cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf dw]zdf / dw]zL ;d'bfox?n] dxŒjk"0f{ pRr ;z:q sf/afxLx?df efu lnPsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} /f}tx6 / af/fsf] ;b/d'sfd uf}/ / sn}of sJhf ug{sf] nflu lzjk|;fb l;+x / xl/x/ ofbjsf] g]t[Tj ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . e}/xjf, slknj:t'df ePsf] ;z:q ;ª\3if{, lj/u+h a}+s sJhf cflb o;sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . h;df ly/ad dNn, s[kf bofn nufotsf JolQmx? zxLb eP . kl5 uP/ cGo y'k}| h]n klg k/] .

oL ;ª\3if{x? ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg g]t[Tjåf/f :ki6 gLlt / p2]Zo ljgf ul/Psf] sf/0fn] dw]zsf ;ª\3if{zLn pTkLl8t hgtfx?n] oyf{y Pj+ plrt d'lQmsf nflu d?e"lddf kfgLsf] cfjZostf em}+ nfnflot /x+b} cfP . ha )%@ ;fndf hgo'4sf] z'?jft eof] / o;n] ;du| o'4 Pj+ ;du| d'lQm cyf{t dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0f cg';f/sf] d'lQm h:t}M k|To]s If]q, lnª\u, ls;fg, hflt–hghflt /fi6«sf] d'lQmsf] nflu hftLo :j;f;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] cjwf/0ff Nofof] . ta dw]zsf] wtL{df hgo'4sf dzfnx? ufp“–7fp“ s'gfsfKrfdf an]sf] b]lvG5 .

cfh dw]zL hgtfn] klg k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] lj?4 xltof/ p7fP/ hgo'4df ;xefuL eO{ ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh k"jL{ dw]zb]lv klZrdL dw]z;Ddsf o'jfx? k'/fgf] lg/ª\s'z ;Qfsf] lj?4 ljb|f]x u/L hgjfbL qmflGtdf nfdj4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . k6s k6s wf]sf vfPsf dw]zLx?n] cfh g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] em08fd'lg uf]naGb eP/ pT;fx / uf}/jsf ;fy nl8/x]sf 5g\ . k"j{sfnb]lv g} sDo'lgi6k|lt pT;'s x'g] dw]zL ;d'bfo jf:tjdf s=dfcf]n]æ/fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL jf unt x'g'n] ;a} s'/fsf] lgwf] ub{5 Æ eg] em}+ :ki6 / ;xL sfo{lbzf kfP/ cufl8 a9\bf cGo hftLo ;d'bfo em}+ dw]zLx? klg n8\g / cfhsf] of] dxfg\ ;dodf pTsif{sf] gof“ gof“ 38Ldf lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ .

o;/L hgo'4sf] tof/Lb]lv clxn];Dd dw]zL ;d'bfosf ljleGg :yflkt Pj+ rlr{t tyf nf]slk|o hgg]tf /fdj[If ofbj -hf] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof]_, To:t} csf]{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 g]tf s=chjnfn ofbj, z]v/ ofbj, kl;Gb| k6]n, /fdcof]Wof d'lvof, /fhgf/fo0f ofbj, ljBfgGb zfx, dg7k dxtf], nfnafa' kf;jfg, b]j]Gb| dxtf]-d's]z_, /fdbofn zfx-chfb_, wd]Gb| ofbj-uf]kfn_, /fdk[t ofbj -/fh]z_, nufot ;of}+ g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ Pj+ hg;]gfsf s'zn sdf08/x?n] zxfbt k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} hgo'4s} qmddf dw]zL ;d'bfosf xf]gfxf/ tyf s'zn hglk|o hgg]tf tyf dw]zsf lzv/ JolQmTj tyf xfd|f] kf6L{sf] kf]ln6\Jo"/f] ;b:o dft[sf ofbj, To:t} csf{ dw]zL g]tfx? h:t} ;Togf/fo0f eut, e/t ;fx, ;f]let ofbj h:tf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ju{a}/Ln] lu/ºtf/ u/L j]kQf agfPsf 5g\ . h;sf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g . 7Ls To;}u/L g} ;of}+ sd/]8x? b'Zdgsf] rf/lbjf/ kvf{nleq si6s/ hLjg ljtfO/x]sf 5g\ .

lgisif{M

o;/L dw]z / dw]zL ;d'bfo ;lbof}+b]lv dWoo"uLg /fhtGqfTds ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] a'6d'lg lklN;b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . h;af6 d'Qm x'gsf] nflu ljleGg ;dodf dw]zLx?n] n8] klg pTkL8g Ho'“sf To"“ g} /x] . t;y{ s=k|r08sf] egfOdf dw]zL ;d'bfo hgtGqsf of]4f tyf /fi6«sf kx/]bf/ x'g\ . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfnsf clwsf+z efux? d'Qm ePklg dw]zsf] d'lQm ePg eg] dw]zn] /fd|f] e"ldsf v]n]g eg] Tof] cfGbf]ng cGttM h:tf];'s} /fd|f] p2]Zo ePklg l6sfp x'g ;Sb}g . ca k'/fgf] ;Qf jf ;+;f/s} h'g;'s} zlQmsf] lj?4 dw]zLx? n8\g tof/ 5g\ . s=n]lngn] eg] em}+ æ;j{xf/f ju{n] lg/+s'ztfsf] k|lt/f]wnfO{ jnk"j{s s'Nrg / k'“hLkltju{sf] cl:y/tfnfO{ lgsDdf ;fljt ul/lbgsf nflu ljzfn hg;d'bfonfO{ cfkm"l;t ldnfP/ hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .Æ clg o;/L hgjfbsf] cfwf/df cfºgf ;f/f pTkL8gaf6 d'Qm x'g] cj;/ x'g]5 .