>L ;efklt hL
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af“8kmf“6 ;ldlt
laifo M km/s dt k]z u/]sf] .
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af“8kmf“6 ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q cGt/utsf] æk|b]zsf] lgdf{0fÆ efusf] k|b]zsf] ;+Vof, ;Ldfgf / If]q jf/]sf] cg';"lr–! sf ;DaGwdf d]/f] lgDgfg';f/sf] ts{ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] km/s dt /x]sf]n] ;f] sf/0f ;lxtsf] km/s dtnfO{ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u/L lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
km/s dt /fVg' kgf{sf] sf/0f M !_ g]kfndf PsfTdjfbL /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L k|fb]lzs jf ;+3Lo rl/qsf] /fHo k|0ffnL sfod ul/g' kg]{ :ki6 /fhgLlts df+u d'n'ss} Oltxf;df ;j{k|yd dw];af6} p7]sf] tYonfO{ o; ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff kqd} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn t/fO{ sf+u|];n] lj=;+= @))* ;fndf :jfoQ t/fO{ k|b]zsf] df“u /fv]kl5 dfq tTsflng g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{af6 @))* ;fndf :yfgLo / OnfsLo ;/sf/ u7gsf] k|:tfj cfPsf], g]kfnL sf+u|];af6 @))( ;fndf )& ;fn k"j{sf] /fHo;+/rgfnfO{ dfq abNg] tyf c+rn, lhNnf, ufp“ / gu/ ;lxtsf] ;+/rgf k|:tfljt ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{n] @)$* ;fnkl5 g]kfnnfO{ kf“r k|b]zsf] ;+/rgfdf n}hfg' kg]{ dfunfO{ p7fof] . lj=;+= @)%@ df g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Da4 ;+o'St hgdf]rf{ g]kfnn] cfÎgf] rfnL; a'“b] dfudf :jfoQ zf;g, lkl58Psf Onfsfx¿nfO{ If]qLo :jfoQtf Pj+ kxf8 / t/fO{sf] If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTosf] ljifonfO{ p7fPsf] xf] .
@_ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 / dxfg dw]; cfGbf]ngx¿af6 7f]; ¿kdf cleJoQm efjgf cg'¿k g} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg–@)^$ df laleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfsf ;fd' /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff kqdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] laifonfO{ dxTjsf ;fy p7fP/ leGg leGg cfsf/sf] hgdt kfPsf x'g\ .
oL ;a}sf afjh"b d'n'snfO{ ;+3fTds g} agfpg' kg]{ hgtfsf] /fhgLlts cfsfª\Iff kl5Nnf] k6s :ki6 ¿kdf lj=;+= @)^# sf] dw]z cfGbf]ngaf6 d'vl/t ePs} sf/0fn] ;+3Lotf / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] k|fjwfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ePsf] xf] . ;du|tfdf pko'Qm{ k[i7e"lddf dfq d'n'ssf] Ph]08f /fHosf] ;du| k'g;+{/rgf aGg uPsf] xf] . o; P]ltxfl;s tYoaf6 :ki6 x'G5 ls, jf:tjdf dw];L zlQm dfqn] ;a}eGbf klxnf /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] Ph]08fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+3Lotfsf] df+unfO{ cuf8L ;f/]sf] xf] . cfh, clxn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf laleGg k|lj|mofx¿af6 /fHosf] oyfy{ ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfp“bf sltko d'Vo /fhgLlts kf6L{ elgg]x¿ cfh cfkm'nfO{ o; df+uaf6 k5f8L kmsf{pg yfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL /fhgLlts kf6L{n] t v'nf ¿kdf ;+3Lotfsf] lj/f]w g} ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL g]tfx¿n] t Oltxf; / k+rfotsfn b]lvg} cfh;Dd ljBdfg PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ g} sfod /fVg] u/L gfd dfqsf] ;+3Lotf x]t" pQ/–blIf0fsf] k|b]z agfpg' kg]{ / h'g pkj|md Pj+ cfwf/af6 ePklg dw];nfO{ ljeflht ug{ nfuL k/]sf 5g\ . dw];L hgtfsf] cu'jfO{df / d'n'ssf ;a} cflbjf;L–hghflt, blnt tyf cGo zf]lift / alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfox¿sf] xft]dfnf]af6 PsfTdjfbL /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ 9fNg] sfd ePsfn] g} o; cleofgsf] cu'jfO{ u/] jfktsf] b08 lbg cfh PsfTdjfbL Joj:yfsf k[i7kf]ifsx¿ dw];nfO{ tf]8\g Ps ePsf 5g\ . oxL dgf]ut kl/l:yltdf o; ;ldltaf6 ;d]t cfÎg} cjwf/0ff kqdf :jLsfl/Psf] klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf cfwf/x¿ ljkl/t k|b]z /rgfsf gS;fx¿, k|b]zx¿sf] ;Ldf+sg, gfd+sg, ;+Vof / th'{dfsf] ljwL tof/ ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ g} /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af8kmf“6 ;ldltn] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t u/]sf]n] dw];L hgtfsf] efjgf / cledtsf] cfwf/df o:tf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . of] sfo{ zf+lt / ;b\efj kIfLo dw]; / dw];L hgtfsf] lj?4 PsfTdjfbL /fHo ;+/rgfsf kIfw/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] PstkmL{ o'4 xf] . t;y{ o;sf] a}rfl/s k|ltjfbsf nflu of] km/s dt /fVg afWo x'g' k/]sf] xf] .
;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't gS;faf6 ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] cfwf/x¿sf] pn+3g ePsf] 5 .
;ldltn] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df b]xfosf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] M -cjwf/0ff kq, kl/R5]b–rf/, $=!=@, $=!=@=! / $=!=@=@_
klxrfgsf] cfwf/ M ;+3Lo k|b]z lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df k|d'v k|ltlglw d"ns klxrfgsf] ¿kdf lgDg % cfwf/ dflgof] M !_ hftLo÷;d'bfo, @_ eflifs, #_ ;f“:s[lts, $_ ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf / %_ P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf .
;fdYo{sf cfwf/ M k|b]zx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ pko'Qm{ klxrfgsf cltl/Qm ;fdYo{sf $ cfwf/nfO{ dflgof] M !_ cfly{s cGt/;DjGw / ;fdYo{tf, @_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, #_ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf, / $_ Kf|zf;lgs ;'udtf
;du|tfdf eGg' kbf{ g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nflu klxrfg / ;fdYo{ ;ldl>t cfwf/ g} s'g} klg k|b]zsf]÷;a} k|b]zx¿sf] /rgfsf] cf}lrTok"0f{ of]Uotf x'g] ;ldltsf] lgisif{ /x]sf]df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . o; cg';f/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 ;ldltsf] cfh;Ddsf a}7sx¿n] b]xfosf laifodf ;xdt g} /x]sf] xf] M
!_ If]qLo pTkL8gnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sg] ;+/rgf . @_ ef}uf]lns Ps¿ktf jf lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg] .
#_ ;dfg hfltut ;3gtf jf cGt/cfj4tfsf] /Iff ug]{ . $_ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fd'bflos ljz]iftfdf hf]8 lbg] .
oxf“ pNn]v ePsf cfwf/x¿ s} kl/wLdf /x]/ vf;u/L dw]; If]qsf] jf/]df ljrf/ ul/g' kb{Yof] . ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t cfwf/sf] ljkl/t uO{ dw]; If]qnfO{ Pp6} k|b]zsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ cf}lrTo / klxrfg tyf ;fdYo{sf] b]xfosf] cj:yf /xbf“ /xb}+ dw]; If]qnfO{ k|:t't gS;fdf ljeflht ul/of] .
!_ If]qLo klxrfg M dw];L / dw];sf] ;d:of eg]s} g]kfnsf] /fHo;Qfn] cfGtl/s cf}klgj]zLs/0fsf] gLltsf txt ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{÷dw];sf] If]qdf cflbjf;L yf¿ ;d'bfo, u}/ yf¿ dw];L ;d'bfo, wfld{s cNk;+Vos d';ndfg ;d'bfo / dw];L blnt ;d'bfo ;d]tsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s–;f“:s[lts / /fhgLlts zf]if0f xf] :ki6 5 . o; cg';f/sf] zf]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;du| dw];nfO{ lje]b tyf alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf] xf] . dw];nfO{ leGg–leGg e"efusf] k|b]zdf af“l8bf /fHo ;Qfdf dw];L ;d'bfo lg0ff{os x'g ;Sb}g / dw];df ljBdfg cfGtl/s cf}klgj]zLs/0fsf] cGTo x'g ;Sb}g . dw];Lsf] :jzf;g sfod x'g ;Sb}g . dw];sf] klxrfg / dfGotf /xb}g .
@_ hftLo÷;d'bfo M dw];sf] ;+/rgf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts k|sf/sf] 5 . dw];df a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} dw];L xf]Ogg\ . …dw]; / dw];LÚ ;f+:s[lts klxrfg;+u hf]l8Psf] a[xQ/ kl/ro xf] . dw];df hf] u}/ g]kfnL dft[efifL ePsf u}/ kxf8L d"nsf cflbjf;Lx¿ x'g\–h;sf cfk\mg} df}lns ;+:s[lt, efiffx¿, e]ife"iff, hLjgz}nL / 5'§} klxrfg 5–dw];L x'g\ . dw];df laleGg hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] k'Vof}{nL af;sf] If]q l;dLt 7f“pdf s]Gb|Lt 5}g . s;}sf] s]xL :yfgx¿df a9L 3gf cfjfbL ePklg k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ /x]sf]5 . yf¿x¿ klZrdsf s+rgk'/ b]lv k"j{sf] df]/+u;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . d';ndfg ;d'bfo af“s] b]lv emfkf;Dd Ps 7"nf] ;d"xsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} dw];sf ofbj, jlgof, sf]O{/L h:tf hftx¿ dxfsfnL b]lv emfkf;Dd km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . dw];sf hft ;d'bfodf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hg;+Vofsf] tasf cGo dw];L -lk58fju{–dw];L hft ;d"xsf ePklg lxGb' j0f{Joj:yf cg';f/ pRr hftdf gk/]sf, ;fdflhs÷z}lIfs ¿kdf lk58LPsf tyf dfgj ljsf; ;'rsf+s ;d]tsf cfwf/df k5f8L k/]sf blnt jfx]ssf]_ of] ;d'bfo klg k"/} dw];df 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . dw];L blntx¿ k"/} dw];df km}lnPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L dw];sf kxf8L ;d'bfo klg k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ a;]sf] 5 . ;fy} lt ;a} ;d'bfo k/Dk/fut cGt/ cfj4tfdf a;]sf 5g\ . ;dli6df dw];sf lhNnfx¿ ljljwtfo'Qm hft÷hfltsf] cfwf/df Ps cfk;df k/Dk/fut a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df hf]l8P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} dw];L ;d'bfo ;db[Zo 5}gg\ t/klg ;f´f ;f+:s[lts cGt/tTjnfO{ ztflAbof}+ b]lv k|jflxt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ztflAbof}+ b]lvsf] 3ft k|lt3ft kl5 klg dw];Lx¿ df´ ;femf ;+:s[ltsf] d"n tTj lhp“b} 5 . dw];L leqsf] of] df}lns kIf g} ;f´f lj/f;t xf] . dw];nfO{ o; cy{ / cfwf/df ljeflht ul/g' x'Gg\ .
#_ Efflifs M g]kfndf af]lng] dft[efiffx¿nfO{ d'VotM !_ O08f]–o'/f]kLog ;d"x, @_ l;gf]]–l6a]6Log ;d"x, #_ P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"x, / $_ b|lal8og ;d"xdf u/L rf/ d"n ;d"xdf laefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] l;gf]–l6a]6Log ;d"xsf bg'jf/L tyf P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf ;tf/ / ;GyfnL afx]s dw];df af]lng] d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, cjwL, /fha+zL, lxGbL / pb'{ ;a} efiffx¿ Pp6} O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"x -ef/f]k]nL_ leq kb{5 . cljZj;gLo ljBdfg tYof+ssf] cfwf/df O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"xsf v; s'/f cyf{t g]kfnL efiff ;a} eGbf a9L af]lng] efiffdf cfp“5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"xsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ s"n &(=!∞, l;gf]–l6a]6Log ;d"xsf !*=$∞, P:6«f]]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf )=@∞ / b|lal8og ;d"xsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ )=!∞ /x]sf] 5 . cGo dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ @=@∞ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] s"n $*=^!∞ sf] t'ngfdf dw];L d"nsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ #!=*$∞ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] eflifs l:yltsf] /dfOnf] kIf s] klg xf] eg] kxf8L ;d'bfosf g]kfnL efifLx¿ / dw];L ;d'bfosf k|fo;M ;a}n] Pp6} ;d"x, ef/f]k]nL ;d"xs} efiff af]N5g\ . o; eGbf leGg kxf8L ;d'bfo leqsf hftLo ;d'bfosfx¿n] d'VotM l;gf]]–l6a]6Log / P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf] efiff af]N5g\ . kxf8L d"nsf dflg;x¿df eflifs cfwf/df s}og dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ ePtfklg ss];fO8 -caucasoid cast_ hft / d+uf]nfO8 -mongoloid ethnics_ hflt, d"ntM oL b'O{ ;d"x kb{5g\ . o:tf] efiff af]Ng] ;d"xx¿ :jefjtM k'Vof}{nL ynf]x¿;+u cfj4 5g\ / efiffsf] k|of]usf] If]q lglZrt tyf ;Lldt e"uf]n leq 5 . hals, dw];df af]lng] k|fo;M ;a} efiffsf] k|of]usf] If]q lj:tfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . dw];sf hft÷hfltx¿ h;/L dw];sf] 7"nf] v08df km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\, ;f]xL cg';f/g} dw];sf efiffx¿ s]xL vf; If]qdf 3lge"t /x] klg k|fo;M oL efiffx¿sf] k|rng k"/} dw];df 5 . yf¿ efiff leGgleGg af]nLsf] ¿kdf nueu k"/} dw];df af]lnG5g\ . d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, pb"{, lxGbL ;a} lt/ af]lnG5g\ . dw];sf] hg;+Vofsf] Ps d'Vo efu /x]sf] d';ndfgx¿ pb"{ g} af]Nb}gg\ . logLx¿ dw];sf] k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Ddsf] a;f]af;sf cfwf/df tT7f“psf efiffx¿ af]Ng] u5{g\ . o;} u/L a+ufnLx¿ g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfdf 5'§} eflifs ;d"xsf] ¿kdf ;'rLs[t 5 . a+ufnL Pp6f hft eGbf klg eflifs ¿kd} dfGotf kfPsf] 5 / a+ufnLx¿ 3/ leq a+ufnL tyf Jojxf/df dw];sf cGo efiffx¿ af]N5g\ . dw];sf ;a} efiffefifLsf] b[l6sf]0faf6 cGt/cfj4 If]q x'g uPsf] 5 . o;y{ eflifs ¿kdf cGt/cfj4 If]qnfO{ ljeflht ul/g' :jo+ ;ldltsf] :jLs[t dfGotfsf] ljkl/t xf] .
$_ ;femf Oltxf;÷;+:s[lt M dw]; / oxf“sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] P]ltxfl;stfsf jf/]df laleGg e|dx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;j{k|yd dw];sf] k|fb]lzs k|frLgtf tyf Toxf“+sf] k|frLg a;f]jf;sf] jf/]df ljBdfg e|dnfO{ x6fpg' cfjZos 5 . laleGg k|fuP]ltxfl;s u|Gyx¿sf] ;d'lrt cWoogaf6 klg cfhsf] dw]; elgg] e"–efudf k|fuP]ltxfl;s dfgja;f]jf;, kf}/fl0fs /fHox¿sf] cl:tTjsf] tYo :yflkt x'G5 . k|flrgsfndf o; If]qdf ldlynf, ljb]x, lt/x'tL, zfSo, sf]lnof, sf]lrnf cflb h:tf k|l;4 hgkb tyf u0f/fHox¿ lyP . ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/ o;}sf Ps pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;} u/L uf}td a'4sf] hGd dWot/fO{sf] n'lDagL If]qdf ePsf]af6 klg o; If]qdf ltgtfssf z;Qm /fHox¿ /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft 5 .
!# cf}+ ztfAbLtfsf dw];sf] l;d/f}gu9 Ps dxTjk"0f{ /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt lyof] . l;d/f}gu9df g} ;g\ !##$ df ef/tsf d';ndfg zf;s uof;'2Lg t'unsn] blIf0f lt/af6 eLif0f cfj|m|d0f u/]kl5 Toxf“sf /fhf xl/b]j l;+x knfog u/L sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . d';ndfgx¿ Tolx j]nf dWo dw];sf If]qx¿df k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ . o;sf] w]/} kl5, ef/tsf] ;g\ !*%& sf] ub/ lab|f]x pk/fGt a]ud xh/t dxn tyf pQ/ ef/tsf gjfj lalh{; sb/sf ;fy z/0ffyL{ e} cfpg] j|mddf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf d';ndfgx¿ klZrdsf dw]; tyf s]xL kxf8L e"efux¿df ;d]t a:g k'u]sf x'g\ . xfn d'n'sdf e}/x]sf] sltko ef}ule{s Pj+ k'/ftflTjs cWoogx¿af6 klg dw];df dfgj a;f]jf;sf] cl:tTj cToGt k|frLg /x]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
cfof{jt{sf] kf}/fl0fssfn b]lvg} cfhsf] dw]; If]qsf] e"efu ef/tLo ;“:s[ltsf] cGt/cfj4tfdf /x]sf] lyof] . o;/L laleGg sfnv08x¿df x'g] u/]sf /fHox¿sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0fsf] ;Gbe{df laleGg /fHox¿sf] gfddf o; If]qn] cl:tTj u|x0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf“+ la;{g x'Gg\ ls, ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;GwLaf6 la|l6; ef/t / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf a+zh zf;sx¿af6 la|l6;af6 k|lt/Iffsf] lxt ;Da4{g tyf zfx–/f0ff /fHo :jfy{sf] cfly{s n]gb]gsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ef}uf]lns :j¿k lgwf{l/t ePsf] xf] . pQm ;GwLaf6 k/fDk/fut ¿kdf /x]sf] dw];sf] 7'nf] e"–efu u'dfpg xfdL afWo eof}++ . g]kfnsf] Plss/0f eGbf klxn] cfhsf] dw]; elgg] If]qdf dsjfgk'/] ;]g /fhfx¿sf] /fHosf] lj:tf/ dw];sf] af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6 x'b} k"j{df df]/+u;Dd k'Uof] . g]kfnsf] Plss/0fsfndf klg k"j{sf] ljhok'/ ;]g /fHo k"j{df l6:6f gbL, klZrddf sf]zL gbL, pQ/df ltAat / blIf0fdf xfn ef/t, ljxf/ /fHosf] k"l0f{of eGg] :yfg;Dddf km}lnPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qdf k/Dk/f b]lv b'O{ k|sf/sf a;f]jf; /x\of] . vf; u/L dxfef/t kj{tsf] blIf0f tkm{ /x]sf] r'/] h+unsf] km]bLsf] k"j{ klZrd km}lnPsf] If]q, h;nfO{ xfdL leqL dw]; elg hfGb5f}+–o; If]qdf nfdf] ;do;Dd afSnf] h+un / kftnf] a:tL /x\of] . dw];sf s]xL cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿ k|f/lDes cj:yf b]lv g} oxf“ a;f]jf; ul/cfPsf x'g\ . o;eGbf blIf0fsf] If]q, h'g k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd ef/tsf] ;Ldf;+u hf]l8P/ uPsf] 5, o;nfO{ aflx/L dw]; elgG5 . aflx/L dw];sf] If]q k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} 3gfa:tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] xf] . cfhsf k|fo;M ;a} 3gf dw];L zx/ tyf uf“pa:tLx¿ ToxL k'/fgf dw];L a;f]jf;sf] km}lnPsf] ¿k xf] . o; If]qdf hg;+Vof tyf cfafbLsf] lj:tf/ x'b} uPkl5 dw];L elgPsf c? sltko hft÷hflt tyf ;d'bfox¿ jg kftlnb}+ uPsf] pQ/ lt/sf] leqL dw];sf] If]q tkm{ klg lj:tf/} a:g yfn]sf x'g\ . k|frLg Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df k"j{sf ldlynf /fHo, l;d|f}gu9 tyf zfSo u0f/fHo cflbsf] pkl:ylt clxn] g]kfnsf] e"efu dflgg] dw]; -t/fO{_ s} clwsf+z efunfO{ ;d]6]/ /x]sf tYox¿ pknAw 5g\ .
dw];sf cflbjf;L tyf hghflt ;d'bfodf wfld{s / ;f“:s[lts ¿kdf cGo dw];L ;d'bfo;+u ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . dw];sf cflbjf;L hghfltdf pkf;gf k4ltdf leGgtf ePklg yf¿, /fha+zL, sf]r, lwdfn, ugufO{, bg'jf/, ls;fg, tfhk'/Lof cflb s'g} g s'g} cfwf/ / k/Dk/fut ¿kdf lxGb' wd{s} cfj4tfdf /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ kxf8L ;d'bfosf cflbjf;L–hghfltdf b]lvPsf] k[ys klxrfgsf] vf]hL em} dw];df lxGb' hft ;d"xsfnfO{ dfq dw];L dfGg' / cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ dw];L gdfGg' unt xf] . dw];sf] wfld{s / ;f“:s[lts / If]qLo cGt/cfj4tfsf] ;Gbe{df dw];L eGgfn] ;d]lst ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf a'e\mg' kb{5 .
dw];L ;d'bfo leqsf laleGg hfthflt dw];sf vf;–vf; efudf s]Gb|Lt /xL a;f]jf; u/]klg yf¿ ;d'bfo k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . t/fO{–dw];sf] pQ/L e]u, vf;u/L r'/] If]qsf] blIf0f lt/ a:b} cfPsf yf¿x¿ o; If]qsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf afl;Gbf x'g\ . yf¿x¿ dw];sf Ps cflbjf;L x'g\ . otf yf¿x¿sf] af]nLnfO{ ;du|tfdf …yf¿ efiffÚ egL cleofg rnfOP klg a:t'tM logLx¿ g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd alHhsf efiffs} k|efjdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
yf¿x¿ em}+ …bg'jf/Ú, …b/}Ú, …s'≈dfnÚ …s'dfn]Ú / …dfemLÚ g]kfnsf pQ/L dw];df h+un lt/ ws]lnPsf k|rLg hfltx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿ g} af:tjdf dxfef/t kj{tsf] blIf0fL e]b jf efj“/ If]qsf afl;Gbf x'g\ . oL hfltx¿ k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . k"jL{ g]kfnsf emfkf / df]/+u lhNnf …tfhk'/LofÚ, …/fhj+zLÚ tyf …ugufO{Ú hfltsf] d"n ynf] xf] . ef/tsf] s'rljxf/ -xfn a+ufn / c;fdsf] ;Ldf_ af6 O{:jL ;Datsf] rf}+wf}+ ztfAbL lt/ …sf]rÚ x¿n] k"jL{ g]kfndf cfP/ Toxf“sf lnDa"x¿;+u ldn]/ …ljhok'/Ú uf“pnfO{ /fhwfgL agfP/ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . O{:jL ;Datsf] ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo efudf kfNkfnL /fhf d's'Gb ;]g k|ydn] …sf]rÚ /fhfx¿nfO{ To; If]qaf6 x6fP/ Toxf“ cfÎgf] …;]gÚ /fHosf] lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . k"jL{ g]kfndf emfkf / df]/+usf dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf vf]“rx¿df …lwdfnÚ hfltsf] cfafbL 5 . o;/L g} d]rL gbLsf pkTosfx¿df …d]r]Ú jf …jf]8f]Ú hfltsf] a;f]jf; 5 . of] If]q …lwdfnÚ, …d]r]Ú jf …jf]8f]Ú sf] cflb e"ld xf] . …;tf/Ú …p/f“jÚ …emf“u8Ú jf …wf“u8Ú h:tf sd ;+Vofdf /x]sf dw];sf cflbjf;L hfltx¿ k"j{df emfkf b]lv hgsk'/;Dd km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . t/ d'VotM emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/L lhNnf logLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL cfjfbLsf] If]q xf] .
;+Vofsf] lx;fan] dw];sf Ps d'Vo hft …ofbjÚ k"jL{ g]kfnsf ;'g;/L b]lv /f}tx6;Dd, jfudtL / sf]zL gbLsf] aLrdf afSnf]u/L a;]sf 5g\ . xfn hg;+Vof ;g]{ laleGg sf/0fx¿sf] ;Gbe{df …ofbjÚx¿sf] a;f]jf; nueu k'/} g]kfnsf dw]; If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 . logLx¿ h'gh'g 7f“pdf a;]sf 5g\ ;f]xL 7f“psf af]nLx¿ af]Ng] u5{g . k;f{, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL / af“s] lhNnfx¿df …s'dL{Ú hfltsf] k'/fgf] a;f]jf; 5 . d'VotM ;fu;AhL v]tL / s[lifdf nfu]sf o; hftsf dflg;x¿ nueu k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf cg]sg\ hftLo y/x¿ 5g\ . d';ndfgx¿ klg s'g} lglZrt 7f“pdf dfq ga;]/ k"j{ klZrd u/L km}lnPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L d';ndfgx¿ dw];sf blIf0fL ;LdfjtL{ If]qx¿df a:b5g\ . t/ d';ndfgx¿sf] afSnf] a;f]jf; /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, slkna:t' / af“s] lhNnfdf 5 . …d}lynÚdf laleGg y/sf a|Dx0fx¿ d'VotM ;Kt/L b]lv wg'iff;Dddf / o;} u/L /fhk'tx¿ ;Kt/L b]lv /f}tx6;Dd kf/Dkl/s ¿kdf a;f]jf; ul/cfPsf 5g\ . dw];sf cGo hfthfltx¿ j}Zo, algof, /f}gLof/, ;'8L, t]nL, snjf/, sfg", xn'jfO{, syalgoF, sfo:y, ;Gof;L, a+ufnL, h}g -df/jf8L_, l;v, xn'jfO{, /fhwf]a, /fhef/, wfg's, ;f]gf/, cdft, xhfd÷gfO{, s'Dxf/, nf]xf/, a9O{, a/O{, g'lgof, dfnL cflb s'g} s]xL lglZrt 7f“pdf cGoyf km}lnP/ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qsf laleGg hfthfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; gbLx¿sf] aLrsf efudf s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 . kxf8sf o:tf gbL If]qx¿df k[ys–k[ys hfthfltx¿, leGg–leGg efifLx¿ a;LcfPsf 5g\ . t/ t/fO{ If]qsf d"n lgjf;L dw];Lx¿sf] k|frLg a;f]jf; / efiff k|rng o; k|sf/af6 5'l6[Psf] 5}g . o;/L ;femf ;+:s[lt / Oltxf; af]s]sf] of}6} ;d'bfonfO{ k|b]z /rgfsf] ;Gbe{df ljeflht ul/g' klg oxL ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfGotfsf] ljkl/t sfo{ xf] .
%_ ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf M g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ljefhgsf ;j{;Ddt ¿kdf b'O{j6f cfwf/x¿ dflgPsf] 5 M !_ ;d'b|Ltx b]lvsf] prf“O /, @_ d'Vo gbLåf/f l;+rfO{ ul/Psf] If]q . g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ dw]; If]q ef}uf]lns ¿kdf pQ/ ef/tsf] u+ufsf] d}bfgL efus} c+u xf] . prf“Osf] lx;fjn] g]kfnsf] nueu ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q ^) dL6/ b]lv @)) ld6/ ;Dd 5 . lelq dw];sf pkTosfx¿ ;d'Gb|sf] ;txaf6 #)) dL6/ b]lv &)) dL6/;Ddsf] prf“O{df 5 . dw];sf] If]qkmn g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf] @#∞ cyf{t #$)!( ju{ ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 . k"j{ b]lv klZrddf u/L dw]; If]qsf] nDafO{ %)) dfOn / pQ/ blIf0fsf] rf}8fO{ ;/b/ @) dfOn /x]sf] 5 . dw];df lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf] k"/} dw]; l5rf]Ng] k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] nDafO{ !!)) ls=dL= 5 . ;Dk"0f{ dw];df Ps} k|sf/sf] ;dlztf]i0f hnjfo" 5 / hf8f] ofddf klg ;dfg k|sf/s} df};d /xg] ub{5 .
g]kfnsf k|fo;M ;a} dxTjk"0f{ gbLx¿ h:t} M d]rL, sGsfO{, sf]zL, sdnf, jfudtL, gf/fo0fL -u08s_, /fKtL, aaO{, s0ff{nL / dxfsfnL -zf/bf_ pQ/af6 dw]; eP/} ef/tdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qn] k"j{, blIf0f / klZrddf u/L l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufn, ljxf/, pQ/ k|b]z / pQ/fv08 /fHox¿nfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . To;} u/L d'Vo gbLåf/f l;+rfO ul/Psf If]qsf cfwf/df sf]zL k|b]z -d]rL / sf]zL] aLrsf] e"efu_, jfudtL k|b]z -jfudtL gbL / o;sf zfvf gbLn] l;+r]sf If]q_, u08sL k|b]z -d"ntM uf];fOyfg—wf}nflu/L aLrsf gbLx¿ ljz]if ¿kdf ;Ktu08sLn] l;+lrt If]q_ / s0ff{nL k|b]z -wf}nflu/Lb]lv gGbfb]jL aLrsf gbLåf/f l;+lrt If]q_ dflgPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} g]kfnsf] dw]; x'b} pQ/af6 blIf0f lt/ aUg] gbLx¿sf] aLrsf] If]qsf] cfwf/df dw];nfO{ kf“r If]qdf ljeflht ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . tL If]qx¿ -!_ d]rL b]lv sf]zL;Dd -@_ sf]zLb]lv jfudtL;Dd -#_ jfudtLb]lv gf/fo0fL;Dd -$_ gf/fo0fL -u08sL_ b]lv /fKtL;Dd /, -%_ /fKtLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd 5g\ . pko'Qm{ cfwf/df g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]q ef}uf]lns jf k|fs[lts cfwf/df Ps} k|sf/sf] / cGt/cfj4 5 . xfn k|zf;lgs ¿kdf tyf af]nL / njhsf] sf]0faf6 leGg–leGg v08df ljeflht b]lvP klg dw];af;Lsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, k'/} dw];df ;dfg k|sf/sf] 5 . e"–;tx, xfjfkfgL, gbLsf] axfjsf] cfwf/df cToGt} ;dfgtf / ;d/;tfsf] Ps} If]q xf] . o; k|sf/sf] ef}uf]lns / If]qut lg/Gt/tfsf] k|b]znfO{ ljeflht ul/g' ;ldlt :jo+n] :yflkt u/]sf] dfGotfsf] lans'n} ljkl/t sfo{ xf], h'g k|:t't gS;f÷gS;fx¿af6 ePsf] 5 .
^_ cfly{s cGt/;DjGw M s'g} klg :yfg jf If]qsf] d'Vo cfly{s sfo{x¿sf] dfkg s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x¿af6 ul/G5 . h; cg';f/ s[lifdf cfwfl/t sfo{, pTkfbgzLn If]q -manufacturing area_, pBf]u÷Joj;fo -trade/business_ / ;]jf If]q -service sector_ nfO{ g} cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;/sf/L txaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ubf{sf] k4lt klg olx g} xf] . o; cfwf/df dw]; If]qdf k|fo;M Ps} k|sf/sf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk tyf pBdzLntf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s[lifnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljrf/ ubf{ d'n'ssf] s"n s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] -national agriculture holdings_ t'ngfdf dw];df s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] ks8 -distribution of agriculture holdings_ dw];sf] ;a} lhNnfx¿df nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|ltztdf ljrf/ ubf{ klZrdaf6 s+rgk'/df !=^, s}nfnLdf @=#, af“s] !=%, alb{of !=$, bf+u @=), slkna:t' !=&, ?kGb]xL @=^, gjnk/f;L @=%, lrtf}g @=!, k;f{ !=^, af/f !=(, /f}tx6df @=), ;nf{xLdf @=%, dxf]Q/Ldf @=@, wg'iffdf @=^, l;/xfdf @=#, ;Kt/Ldf @=@, ;'g;/Ldf @=$, df]/+u #=$ / emfkfdf #=! /x]sf] 5 . o;n] dw];sf ;a} lhNnfdf s[lif ;dfg k|sf/sf] pBdzLntfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] tYout k'li6 x'G5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'g hfG5 ls, dw];df k"/} dw]; nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] pBdzLntf 5 . ;fy} nueu ;a}h;f] lhNnfx¿df nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ To:tf sfo{df nfu]sf 5g\ . o;df a'Σg' kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ laifo xf] M dw];df b]lvPsf oL ;dfg k|sf/ tyf ;dfg rl/qsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk glhssf lhNnfx¿df cfk:tdf cGt/ ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/Lsf] s[lif ahf/ / wg'iff, dxf]Q/L tyf ;nf{xLsf] s[lif ahf/ To:t} gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL / slkna:t'sf] pTkfbg k|lj|mof tyf ahf/ cToGt} cGt/ ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;/L cfly{s lj|mofsnfkaf6 cGt/ cfj4 If]qnfO{ k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df ljeflht ul/g' x'Gg\ .
^M! cfly{s ;fdYo{tf M g]kfndf s/ tyf u}/–s/af6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:jsf] cj:yfnfO{ lhNnfut lx;fan] ;+lIfKt ¿kdf tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd d'n'ssf] s'g} klg efuaf6 s]Gb|n] ;+sng ug]{ /fh:jsf] ljlgof]hg s]Gb|s} If]qflwsf/ ePklg oxf“ ;|f]tsf] cWoogsf] lglDt of] ljj/0f lbO{Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qaf6 ;+sng x'g] /fh:j To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|r"/ b]lvG5 . of] dw]; k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdYo{tfsf] alnof] cfwf/ xf] .
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| $&@=*#
| !)=^^
| $*#=$(
|
&_ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf M dw];sf xfn ljBdfg lhNnfx¿ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;Ifd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf“ dw];sf laleGg lhNnfx¿df k|fs[lts ;f]taf6 x'g;Sg] cfDbfgLnfO{ b]vfO{Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ dw];sf k|fo;M x/]s lhNnfaf6 lgsf;L x'g] 9'+uf÷afn'jf / lu§L]nfO{ cfosf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . hn ljB'tnfO{ k|fo;M kxf8L If]q jf k|b]zsf] ;+efJo cfosf] ¿kdf laZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;xdt x'g ;lsb}g . o;sf] nfesf] xsbf/ hn ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb| /xg] :yfgsf] k|b]z klg x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g\ . ;fy} h'g k|b]z eP/ gbL aUb5–laleGg cGt/f{li6«o cEof;x¿sf] cfwf/df klg ;f] If]q nfesf] xsbf/ x'g]g} 5 . hn ljB'tsf] cfonfO{ u0fgf ubf{ pQm dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . dw];df ko{6gsf] Jofks ;+efjgf /x]klg xfn To;sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5}g\ . o; tflnsfdf hgsk'/wfd / n'lDagL h:tf :yflkt s]Gb|x¿sf] pknAw cfonfO{ dfq cWoogsf] nflu cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . o;} u/L sf7, bfp/f tyf hl8a'6Lsf] ;Gbe{df pknAw tYof+snfO{ g} cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
laleGg k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 dw]; k|b]znfO{ x'g ;Sg] cfDbfgL
dw];sf lhNnfx¿
| laleGg k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 x'g ;Sg] cfDbfgLx¿ -?= s/f]8df_
|
9'+uf÷afn'jf / lu§L
| hn ljB't
| ko{6g
| sf7÷bfp/f÷hl8a'6L
|
s+rgk'/
| *&)=*)
|
| )=^!
| !=*(
|
s}nfnL
| *&)=))
| #***=))
|
| @=#)
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af“s]
| !$(=#)
|
|
| $=$%
|
alb{of
| !$(=#)
| !@(^=))
| #=$#
| $=(!
|
bf+u
| !$(=#)
|
|
| #!=$@
|
slkna:t'
| &=%)
|
|
| )=*&
|
?kGb]xL
| &=%)
|
| $$=))
| !=&*
|
gjnk/f;L
| &=%)
| !)@=*@
|
| $=#!
|
lrtjg
| !=!)
| @#%=#&
| $^=#!
| #=()
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k;f{
| !=!)
|
| *=(#
| &=!@
|
af/f
| !=!)
|
|
| !!=!!
|
/f}tx6
| !=!)
|
|
| %=#(
|
;nf{xL
| !=!)
|
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| )=^!
|
wg'iff
| !=!)
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| !@=%)
| %=!%
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dxf]Q/L
| !=!)
|
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| !=*$
|
l;/xf
| @=#)
|
|
| )=&!
|
;Kt/L
| @=#)
| @(&=))
|
| #=#%
|
;'g;/L
| @=#)
| !!**=))
| @=!$
| #=*#
|
df]/+u
| @=#)
| %=^@
|
| @=$*
|
emfkf
| @=#)
|
|
| )=@!
|
hDdf
| @@@*=!)
| &)!@=*!
| !!&=(@
| (&=^#
|
ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] ljZjJofkL l;4fGt adf]lhd ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t /x]sf ljleGg k|b]zx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf ljQLo cfjZostf cg';f/sf] /fh:jsf] k|of{Kttf x'g h?/L x'G5 . h;n] To; k|b]zsf] ljQLo :yfloTjdf ;xof]u k'–ofp“b5 . g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ ;+be{df ;du| dw]z Ps k|b]Zf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ljQLo :yfloTjsf] p2]Zon] k"0f{ ;Ifd /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ dflysf ;+lIfKt a"+bfut laZn]if0fn] k'i6L ub{5 .
*_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf M lgdf{0fflwg k|b]zx¿ :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf b[li6n] ;an / ;Ifd x'g'kg]{ laifodf s'g} b'O{ dt 5}g\ . ef}uf]lnstf, hftLotf, pTkL8g, klxrfg cflb laifox¿ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|b]z /rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ug]{ ul/Pklg k|:tfljt k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdYo{tf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgG5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k"jf{wf/df ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t If]q ;8snfO{ dflgG5 . dw];df ;8ssf] k"jf{wf/ alnof] /x]sf] 5 . dw];e/Ldf s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf :t/Lo u/L s"n ;8ssf] ;+hfn #,$$,!%* ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 . k"j{df emfkf b]lv klZrddf s+rgk'/ lhNnf;Dd sl/j !% ;o ls=dL= x'nfsL ;8ssf] /]vf+sg e};s]sf] 5 . lgdf{0fflwg of] ;8s jf:tjdf efjL dw]; k|b]zsf] hLjg /]vf g} x'g]5 .
g]kfnsf] s"n !$& nfv x]S6/ If]qkmn dWo] sl/j &) xhf/ x]S6/ If]qkmn ag h+unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . h;dWo] leqL dw];df (,%@,%!( x]S6/ / t/fO{df !),)^,%@^ x]S6/ ag h+un /x]sf] 5 . of] ag h+unsf] s"n IF]qkmnsf] @&=&!∞ x'g cfp“5 . g]kfnsf] s'n ag If]q dWo] !& k|ltzt ;d'bfon] Aoj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ . @)%* ;fnsf] tYof+s cg';f/ agIf]qaf6 sl/j ^! s/f]8 ?k}of /fhZj ;+sng eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] $)∞ /sd ;fd'bflos agIf]qaf6 ;+sng eO{/x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z ;fd'bflos agIf]q t/fO{ / dw]; If]qd} kb{5 .
g]kfndf ag h+unsf] ljt/0f ef}uf}lns If]qx¿df c;dfg 5 . If]qut ¿kdf x]bf{ kxf8L If]qdf a9L 5 eg], t'ngfTds ¿kdf t/fO{ If]qdf sd / lxdfndf clt sd 5 . t/fO{df w]/} ag h+un gb]lvPklg ag k}bfjf/ / o;af6 x'g] cfly{s d"Nosf] cfwf/df a9L ;DkGg 5 . cfh;Dd ag If]qaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] cfly{s cfosf] 7'nf] lx:;f t/f{O If]qdf ePsf ag k}bfjf/x¿af6 pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sl/j @),))) 6g -nueu @) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/_ d"No hltsf] ag k}bfjf/ sRrf kbfy{ lgof{t x'g] cg'dfg 5 . dw];sf laleGg efudf u/L kf“r j6f jGohGt' cf/If / lgs'~hx¿ 5g\ . sf]zL 6Kk", k;f{ jGohGt', lrtjg, alb{of / z'Snfkmf“6f u/L kf“r j6} cf/If tyf lgs'~hn] ;Dk"0f{ dw];sf] #,*&( ju{ ls=dL= e"efu 9fs]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf hnljB'tsf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf /x]sf]df s'g} ljjfb g} 5}g . o:tf] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|fo;M ;a} lgdf{0f :yn kxf8L k|b]zx¿d} /xg' :jefljs g} xf] . xfn;Dd b]lvPsf]df ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ;"o{k'/f Psdfq hnljB't s]Gb| dw];df 5 . of] ef/t–g]kfn ;Demf}tf cg';f/ lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj tyf To;af6 x'g] cfo s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] x'g] laifodf klg vf;} ljjfb 5}g . t/ g]kfn ca ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] ;Gbe{df ef}uf]lns ¿kdf pQ/af6 au]/ dw]; x'b} ef/t tkm{ aUg] ;a} gbLaf6 g]kfn / ef/tsf aLr Joj;flos ;dembf/L e} ef/ts} e"lddf lgdf{0f x'g] hnljB't cfof]hgaf6 tNnf] t6Lo k|b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L nfesf] ljt/0f ug]{ of] laifodf vf;} 5nkmn e}/x]sf] 5}g . o;/L g} g]kfnsf] hnljB'tsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ ;f]em} kxf8L k|b]zsf] nfesf] laifo eg]/ laZn]if0f ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ pkNnf] efudf dfgj l;lh{t sf/0fx¿af6 pTkGg ePsf] kof{j/0fLo b'ik|efjsf] u+eL/ gsf/fTds k|efj dw]; If]qdf kl//x]sf]n] To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ s;/L tnsf] k|b]zn] kfpg]–of] lg?k0f x'g' kg]{ u+eL/ laifo xf] . o; ;Gbe{df vf; u/L @@ ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] sf]zLsf] laifo, @! ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] u08sLsf] laifo / #@ ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] s0ff{nLsf] laifo ;f]em} dw]; k|b]zsf] ;/f]sf/ tyf xssf] laifo xf] .
(_ k|zf;lgs ;'udtf M k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] ;Gbe{df ;a} eGbf ljrf/0fLo laifo pko'Qm ef}uf]lnstf, cg's"n hnjfo' tyf df};d, oftfoft ;]jf, ;+rf/ / k|b]z jf If]qsf] ;a} efudf k|zf;gsf] kx'“r x'g' xf] . ;Dk"0f{ dw];nfO{ Pp6} k|b]zsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lb+bf cGo k|b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn 7"nf] b]lvP klg ef}uf]lns cfwf/df of] cToGt ;'ud x'g]5 . k"/} dw];df ;dfg k|sf/sf] e"uf]n /x]sf]df w]/} elg/xg' kb}{g . g]kfndf aGg] tyf xfn k|:tfj ul/Psf s'g} klg k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf dw]; ;'ud x'g]5 / k|:tfljt s'g} klg k|b]zsf] s'g} ;LdfGt :yfgaf6 d'Vo k|zf;lgs s]Gb|sf] b"/L tyf kx'“r eGbf dw];sf] To:tf] :yfg glhs x'g]5 . dw];sf k|fo;M ;a} lhNnfx¿ k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{ tyf lhNnfsf] cfGtl/s klSs ;8ssf] ;+hfnaf6 /fd|/L cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ .
pknAw tYof+ssf cfwf/df dw];sf lhNnfx¿ s+rgk'/df @#$ ls=dL=, s}nfnLdf $^) ls=dL=, af“s]df #*! ls=dL=, alb{ofdf #)$ ls=dL=, bf+udf %@! ls=dL=, slkna:t'df ##^ ls=dL=, ?kGb]xLdf #)) ls=dL=, gjnk/f;Ldf @%) ls=dL=, lrtjgdf &(^ ls=dL=, k;f{df ##^ ls=dL=, af/fdf #@! ls=dL=, /f}tx6df @@& ls=dL=, ;nf{xLdf %!! ls=dL=, dxf]Q/Ldf $^* ls=dL=, wg'iffdf ^*$ ls=dL=, l;/xfdf #)) ls=dL=, ;Kt/Ldf #!) ls=dL=, ;'g;/Ldf $&! ls=dL=, df]/+udf ^** ls=dL= / emfkfdf %(^ ls=dL= -/fhdfu{, lkm8/ /f]8, lhNnf dfu{ / zx/L dfu{ ;d]t u/L_ ;8ssf] ;+hfn /x]sf] 5 . ;'b"/ k"j{sf] sfs8le§f b]lv ;'b"/ klZrdsf] u¶frf}s;Dd k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] b"/L !)@* ls=dL= 5 . pbfx/0f dfqsf] nflu dfgf}, olb aL/u+hsf] cf;kf;df dw]; k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs s]Gb| sfod ug]{ xf] eg] sfs8le§faf6 Toxf“;Ddsf] b"/L nueu #() ls=dL= x'g]5 . o;/L g} s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ b]lv aL/u+h jf To; :yfgsf] b"/L nueu ^*) ls=dL= x'g]5 . ;fdfGo lgljWg ¿ksf] ;8s oftfoftaf6 ^ b]lv !) 3+6fdf k"j{ / klZrd b'a} efuaf6 dw];sf] d'Vo k|zf;lgs s]Gb|df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
cfh /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}+sf] ljsNk vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] lgwf{/0f gx'~h]n;Dd sf7df08f}+nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ ljrf/ ubf{ k"j{ / klZrdaf6 sf7df08f}+, pQ/sf] lxdfnL k|b]zaf6 sf7df08f}+, k"j{ pQ/af6 sf7df08f}+sf] b"/L jf/] ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] s;}sf] nflu sf7df08f} ;xh tyf glhs gdflgg ;lsG5 . sfs8le§faf6 sf7df08f}sf] ;8s b"/L nueu ^!% ls=dL= x'ghfG5 . s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/af6 klg sf7df08f}+sf] ;8s b"/L ^() ls=dL= 5 . aL/u+haf6 sf7df8f}+sf] b"/L @&% ls=dL= 5 . bfr'{nfaf6 / tfKn]h'ªaf6 sf7df08f}sf] b"/Ln] sf7df08f}+af6 /fhwfgLsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] sfdnfO{ slxNo} k|f]T;flxt u/]g . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]s} 5 . pko'Qm{ tYox¿sf] cfnf]sdf dw]; Ps k|b]zsf] ¿kdf k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fn] ;'ud g} dflgg]5 .
o;sf] ;fy} dw];df aiff}+ klxn] b]lvsf] ;+rf/sf] ljBdfgtf, k'/} dw];sf] ;dfg ;dlztf]i0f hnjfo', Ps} k|sf/sf] / Ps} ;dodf cfpg] dg;'g tyf v]tL k|0ffnL h:tf ;a} laz]iftfn] ubf{ k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] sf]0faf6 dw]; Pp6} k|b]z x'g] z;Qm cfwf/ /x]klg dw];sf] ljefhg ul/g' pko'Qm 5}g\ .
;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't gS;fdf u+eL/ cfklQsf laifox¿
!_ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfndf hftLo, If]qLo / eflifs cfwf/df k|b]zsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . pk ;ldltn] o; cl3 k"0f{ ;ldltsf ;dIf b'O{ j6f j}slNks gS;fx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] xf] . o;df ;ldltsf] clGtd a}7sdf x]/km]/ ul/of] . of] gS;fdf k'/} d'n'se/ ;dfg cfwf/df, ;dfg of]Uotf cg';f/ k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5}g . kxf8L If]qdf k|fo;M ;a} k|b]z hfltut ¿kdf 5'6\ofO{of] eg] dw];df tYoxLg cfwf/, ldl>t a;f]jf; / efiffsf] cfwf/ -af/Daf/ yf¿jfg, n'lDagL ef“j/, cjw–yf¿, cjw–ef]hk'/f, klZrd dw];, gf/fo0fL, dw];, hgsk'/–l;d|f}gu9, la/f6, sgsfO{ / la/f6 sf]r cflb gfds/0f_ lnO{of] .
@_ k/Dk/f b]lv t/fO{÷dw];sf] c+u /x]sf] s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf / Toxf“ b]lv klZrdsf If]qnfO{ pQ/sf] pkNnf] s0ff{nL÷vKt8 gfdwf/L k|b]z;+u hf]l8of] . of] k|:tfljt n'lDagL ef“j/ jf y¿x6 k|b]zsf] k"jf{wf/sf] :ki6 x/0f elgP kl5 o;df clGtd ;dodf kl/jt{g ul/of] .
#_ kl5Nnf] k6s k|:t't gS;fdf klZrddf s+rgk'/ b]lv k"j{ gjnk/f;L;Ddsf] If]qnfO{ yf¿jfg gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|:tfljt If]qsf] gfds/0f Toxf“sf afx'No ;d'bfosf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5}g . oxf“ ;a} u}/ yf¿ dw];L ;d'bfosf] s"n hg;+Vof #)=(^∞ 5 eg], yf¿ ;d'bfosf] s"n hg;+Vof @%=!$∞ dfq /x]sf] 5g\ .
o; If]q dWo] slkna:t' lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM ^&=)(∞ / !@=)%∞ /x]sf] 5 . ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM $*=)@∞ / !)=)^∞ /x]sf] 5 . / gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM @(=)$∞ / !^=)%∞ /x]sf] 5 . af“s] lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM $(=)@∞ / !^=)$∞ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L o; k|b]zsf] u7gdf jf gfds/0fsf] cfwf/ Jojxfl/s / a}1flgs 5}g\ .
$_ k|:tfljt gS;fdf lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ slyt ldlynf dw];af6 / yf¿jfgaf6 aflx/, b'a} k|b]zsf] aLrdf dWojtL{ If]qsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/ laNs'n} a}1flgs 5}g\ . lrtjg P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{d} dw];÷t/fO{sf] e"efu xf] . o; lhNnfdf r"/] kj{tsf] j|md 6'6]sf] 5 / r"/] kj{t blIf0fsf] ef/t–g]kfn ;Ldf;+u hf]l8g uPsf] 5 . em08} ;Ldfdf g} kfgL 9nf] -ridge_ k/]sf] 5 . oxf“ eGbf pQ/ tyf gf/fo0fu9÷e/tk'/ blIf0fsf] If]q k/Dk/f b]lv g} yf¿ ;d'bfosf] a;f]jf;sf If]q x'g\ . k'/} lrtjg lhNnfdf kj{t] hg;+Vof #,(@,)!^ /x]sf]df df8L If]qdf yf¿ / dw];L hg;+Vof u/L &#,!&* /x]sf] 5 . df8L If]q k;f{ lhNnfsf] k;f{ jGohGt' cf/If / lrtjg cf/If x'b} k"j{af6 klZrd blIf0f tkm{ au]sf] /fKtL gbLsf] blIf0fsf] efu xf] . of] klZrddf gjnk/f;Lsf] ;':tf uf=lj=;=df hf]l8G5,h'g dw];L ;d'bfosf] afx'No a;f]jf;sf] If]q xf] . ef}uf]lns lg/Gt/tf, P]ltxfl;stf, k/Dk/fut hftLo a;f]jf; ;a} dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{x¿af6 dw];sf] cleGg efu /x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfdf dw];sf] lj:tf/ e+u ePsf] dfGg] s'g} a}1flgs cfwf/ 5}g\ .
%_ o;/L ;j{yf cdfGo x'g] / unt cfwf/df lrtjgsf] lgx"“df dw];nfO{ ljeflht u/]/ k;f{ b]lv k"j{ emfkf;DdnfO{ ldlynf dw]; gfds/0f k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . -o; cl3 ;'g;/L / df]/+u lhNnfsf] clwsf+z efunfO{ ^ k|b]zsf] gS;fg';f/ k|:tfljt >[h+uf jf lj/f6sf]r k|b]zdf anft\ ldnfpg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . ;'g;/L, df]/+u / emfkf lhNnf ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / lg/Gt/tf, P]ltxfl;stf, k/Dk/fut hftLo a;f]jf; / ;+:s[lt ;a} dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/x¿af6 dw];sf] cleGg c+u /x]sf] xf] ._ k;f{ b]lv emfkf;Ddsf] s"n hg;+Vof dWo] dw];L ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof $#,^*,^!) 5 . yf¿ ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof $,@%,^#$ 5 eg] kj{t] ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof !&,&^,*() /x]sf] 5 .
^_ k;f{ b]lv k"j{ dw]; k|b]zsf] gS;f+sg ul/bf“ pbok'/ lhNnfsf] lqo'uf vf]+rdf k/Dk/f b]lv /x]sf] yf¿ / dw];L ;d'bfosf xl8of, lzjfo, ;'Gb/k'/ / tk]:j/L h:tf yf¿ afx'No uf=lj=;=x¿ / yf¿ ;d'bfosf] pn]Vo hg;+Vof ePsf] ufO{3f6 gu/kflnsf -s]xL bzs cl3 yf¿ ax'n_ k|:tfljt gS;fg';f/ ;'gsf]zL / ls/ft k|b]zdf ljlng x'g] cj:yf kfl/Psf] 5 . o;/L pbok'/ lhNnfsf] !# k|ltzt yf¿÷dw];L hg;+Vof dfyL kg]{ ca}1flgs l:yly v8f ePsf] 5 .
&_ ;ldltsf ;dIf k|:t't e} kfl/t ul/Psf] gS;fsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ Psbd} Jojxfl/s / a}1flgs 5}g\ . dw]; / kxf8 b'a} If]qdf hfthfltsf] jf efiffefifLsf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ agfpbf“ s'g} Ps uf=lj=;=df ! hgfsf] ;+Vofn] klg s'g} Ps hflt jf eflifs ;d'bfo a9L b]lvg cfPdf -uf=lj=;=sf] ax'dt xf]O{g, s'g} Ps ;d'xsf] ! hgfn] klg a9L ePsf]_ ;f] hft÷hflt jf efiff÷efifL jf ;d'bfosf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]q -cluster_ agfO{Psf] xf] . vf;u/L dw];sf] If]qdf o:tf] Sni6/ agfpbf“ yf¿ ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{df ;f] ;d'bfo / kxf8L ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf ;a} kj{t] ;d'bfo, To;} u/L dw];L ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf ;a} dw];L ;d'bfosf hftx¿nfO{ gldnfO{sg ofbj jf sf]O{/L cflb s'g} Ps hftnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'bf“ oyfy{df ;d'bfout -community based_ k/:k/ ;Da4 If]q -cluster_ ag]sf] 5}g . t;y{ k|b]z /rgfsf] ;Gbe{df jf:tljs klxrfg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g\ .
*_ ;ldltn] l;4fGtM k|b]z leq aGg] :jfoQ If]qx¿, laz]if If]qx¿ / ;+/lIft If]qx¿ k|b]zn] g} agfpg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/P klg ;ldltsf] clGtd a}7sdf pk ;ldlt e+u ePsf] 3f]if0ff kl5 xr'jfsf] e/ lagf cWoog / cfwf/df k|:tfj e} ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ul/g' ;j{yf cg'lrt xf] .
;+;f/ e/ g} k|b]zsf] /rgfsf nflu cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;dfg k|sf/s} cfwf/x¿nfO{ ckgfOPsf] kfO{G5 . h; cg';f/ g]kfndf ljBdfg hftLo, juL{o, ;dflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f“:s[lts, eflifs, ;fd'bflos, If]qut h:tf cg]s klxrfgx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf M hftLo÷;d'bfo, eflifs, ;f“:s[lts, ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf / P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tfnfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] ;fy} k|:tfljt k|b]zsf] ;fdYo{nfO{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|b]zx¿sf] cfly{s ;fdy{sf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s cGt/;DaGw / ;fdYo{tf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf / Kf|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] laifodf xfdL ;xdt /x]sf 5f}+ . ;du|tfdf eGg' kbf{ g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nflu M !_ If]qLo pTkL8gnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sg] ;+/rgf, @_ ef}uf]lns Ps¿ktf jf lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg], #_ ;dfg k|sf/sf hfltut ;3gtf jf cGt/cfj4tfsf] /Iff ug]{, $_ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fd'bflos ljz]iftfdf hf]8 lbg], %_ ;f“:s[lts ;3gtfsf If]qnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVg], ^_ Efflifs ;3gtfsf If]qx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVg] , &_ ;dfg k|sf/sf] pBdzLntf jf cfly{s s[ofsnfk / *_ k|zf;lgs ;'udtf d'Vo cfwf/ /xg] o; ;ldltn] lglZrt ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ oL ;a dfGotf / :jLsfl/Psf] tYox¿sf] ljkl/t k|:tfljt k|b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof, ;Ldf+sg / gfds/0fsf] cg';"rL tof/ ul/Psf]n] dnfO{ cdfGo 5 . t;y{ of] km/s dt k]z u/]sf] 5' . wGojfb .
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